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BIO105 - Genetics > Chapter 4a - Chromosomal Basis of Heredity > Flashcards

Chapter 4a - Chromosomal Basis of Heredity Flashcards

1
Q

no. of chromosomes in prokaryotes

A

single chromosome + plasmids

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2
Q

no. of chromosomes in eukaryotes

A

many chromosomes

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3
Q

shape of chromosomes in prokaryotes

A

circular chromosome

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4
Q

shape of chromosomes in eukaryotes

A

linear chromosomes

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5
Q

component of chromosomes in prokaryotes

A

DNA

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6
Q

component of chromosomes in eukaryotes

A

chromatin, a nucleoprotein (DNA coiled around histone proteins)

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7
Q

location of chromosomes in prokaryotes

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

location of chromosomes in eukaryotes

A

nucleus

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9
Q

duplication of chromosomes in prokaryotes

A

copies its chromosomes and divides immediately afterwards

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10
Q

duplication of chromosomes in eukaryotes

A
  • copies chromosome
  • cell grows
  • goes through mitosis to organize chromosomes into 2 equal groups
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11
Q

chromosomes in eukaryotes during cell division

A

condensed and visible

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12
Q

at the beginning of mitosis, eukaryotic chromosomes can be seen to consist of what

A

two threads (sister chromatids) joined by a centromere

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13
Q

specific region of the eukaryotic chromosome where the kinetochore attach and pull the chromosomes during both mitosis and meiosis

A

centromere

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14
Q

complex of DNA and proteins to which the spindle fibers attach

A

kinetochore

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15
Q

Centromeric positions

A
  1. metacentric
  2. submetacentric
  3. acrocentric
  4. telocentric
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16
Q

centromere is median

A

metacentric

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17
Q

centromere is submedian

A

submetacentric

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18
Q

centromere is subterminal

A

acrocentric

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19
Q

centromere is terminal

A

telocentric

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20
Q

parts of chromosome

A
  • p (upper)
  • q (bottom)
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21
Q

ends of chromosome

A

GT rich repetitive sequences

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22
Q

shortens with age

A

telomere length

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23
Q

role of telomere

A

protects end of chromosome from deterioration

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24
Q

cell aging

A

senescence

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25
Q

cell death

A

apoptosis

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26
Q

telomere and cancer

A

do not shorten

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27
Q

sequence of telomere

A

TTAGGG (500-3000 times)

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28
Q
  • constant for each cell in the body (except sex cells)
  • constant throughout the life of an individual
  • constant for all members of a species
A

chromosome number

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29
Q

Cell Division stages

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis
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30
Q

3 stages of Interphase

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase
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31
Q

cells carry out metabolic activities to prepare for S phase

32
Q

DNA is replicated

A

S Phase (synthesis phase)

33
Q
  • organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced
  • cell prepares for mitosis
34
Q

G0 phase

A

cell cycle arrest

35
Q

G1 phase

A

cellular contents, excluding chromosomes, are duplicated

36
Q

S phase

A

each of 46 chromosomes is duplicated

37
Q

G2 phase

A

cell “double checks” the duplicated chromosome for error, making any needed repairs

38
Q
  • results in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent cell
  • the daughter cells are identical to one another and to the original parent cell
39
Q

organize spindle fibers that extend from the cell poles (polar fibers) and fibers that attach to chromosomes at their kinetochores

40
Q
  • chromosome condenses into chromatids
  • spindle fibers emerge from centrosomes
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • nucleolus disappears
41
Q
  • nuclear membrane break down into numerous small vesicles
  • as a result, the spindle microtubules now have direct access to the genetic material of the cell
A

prometaphase

42
Q
  • mitotic spindle is fully deveoped, and centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell
  • chromosomes line up
  • each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles
43
Q
  • cohesion protein binding sister chromatids together break down
  • sister chromatids (now chromosomes) pull toward opposite poles
  • non-kinetochore spindle fibers lengthed, elongating the cell
44
Q
  • chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to condense
  • nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes
  • mitotic spindle breaks down
45
Q

separation of cytoplasm into two new daughter cells

A

cytokinesis

46
Q

region in animal cells where proteins pinch in the center of the cell until it separates into two

A

cleavage furrow

47
Q

region in plant cells where new cell wall components lay down in the center of the cell

A

cell plate

48
Q
  • results in the production of germ (sex) cells
  • halves the number of chromosomes
  • picks one chromosome from each pair at random and places them in a sex cell
  • results in enormous variation amongst sex cells
49
Q

what is resulted from meiosis

A

enormous variation amongst sex cells

50
Q

Meiosis I

A

reductional division

51
Q

Meiosis II

A

equational division

52
Q

Meiosis I stages

A
  1. Prophase I
  2. Metaphase I
  3. Anaphase I
  4. Telophase I
53
Q

Substages of Prophase I

A
  1. Leptotene/ Leptonema
  2. Zygotene/ Zygonema
  3. Pachytene/ Pachynema
  4. Diplotene/ Diplonema
  5. Diakinesis
54
Q

longest duration

A

Prophase I

55
Q
  • beginning of prophase
  • chromosomes can’t be distinguished
  • condensation of chromosomes begins
A

leptotene/ leptonema

56
Q

zygonema word is from..

A

Greek words “paired threads”

57
Q
  • occurs as the chromosome approximately line up with each other into homologous chromosomes
  • combined homologous chromosomes are said to be bivalent
58
Q

what are combined homologous chromosomes called

59
Q
  • homologous chromosomes become much more closely related
  • synapsed chromosomes may undergo crossing over
  • chromosomes continue to condense
A

pachytene/ pachynema

60
Q

process where homologous chromosomes become much more closely related

61
Q

synapsed homologous pair of chromosomes

62
Q
  • homologous chromosomes separate from one another a little
  • chromosomes themseles uncoil a bit, allowing some transcription of DNA
A

diplotene/ diplonema

63
Q

diplonema Greek workds meaning

A

two threads

64
Q
  • chromosomes condense further
  • first point in meiosis where the four parts of the tetrads are actualy visible
  • homologous chromosomes separate further, and the chiasmata terminalize making it clearly visible
A

diakinesis

65
Q

point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occur between the strands

66
Q

homologous pairs of chromosomes align on either side of the equatorial plate

A

metaphase I

67
Q

spindle fibers contract and pull the homologous pairs, each with two chromatids, away from each other and toward each pole of the cell.

A

anaphase I

68
Q

chromosomes are enclosed in nuclei

A

telophase I

69
Q

protein lattice that resembles railroad tracks and connects paired homologous chromosomes in most meiotic systems

A

synaptonemal complex (SC)

70
Q

meiosis II:
- chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down, if needed
- centrosomes move apart, the spindle forms between them, and the spindle microtubules begin to capture chromosomes

A

prophase II

71
Q

meiosis II:
chromosomes line up individually along the metaphase plate

A

metaphase II

72
Q

meiosis II:
sister chromatids separate and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell.

A

anaphase II

73
Q

meiosis II:
nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes decondense

A

telophase II

74
Q

the X-0 system

A
  • 22+ XX (female)
  • 22+ X (male)
75
Q

the Z-W system

A
  • 76+ ZW (female)
  • 76+ ZZ (male)
76
Q

the haplo-diploid system

A
  • 32 (diploid) (female)
  • 16 (haploid) (male)
77
Q

sex determination in different animals

A
  1. X-0 system
  2. Z-W system
  3. haplo-diploids system

BIO105 - Genetics (19 decks)

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