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BIO105 - Genetics > Chapter 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • branch of bology that deals with the principles of heredity and variation in all living things
  • core of biological science
  • impinges on other natural and behavioral sciences
A

genetics

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2
Q

where is the name genetics from

A

Greek gen = to become or to grow

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3
Q
  • change in size
  • only be seen in multicellular organisms
A

to grow

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4
Q
  • an organism will transform into something
  • expression of trait leading to the change of the structure and physiology
A

to become

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5
Q

accumulation of materials on the surface

A

accretion

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6
Q

increase in the number of cells which will undergo differentiation

A

growth

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7
Q
  • passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another
  • transmitted from one generation to another
A

heredity

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8
Q
  • biological differenes
  • can be intraspecific / interspecific
  • contribute to diversity
A

variation

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9
Q

where does variation contribute to

A

diversity

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10
Q

applications of genetics

A
  1. plant and animal improvement
  2. medicine
  3. genetic counseling
  4. legal applications
  5. genetic engineering
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11
Q

genetic engineering in genetics

A
  • transgenics
  • legal, social, environmental, and health implications
  • ethical issues in biotechnology
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12
Q

applications of biotechnology

A
  1. paternity testing
  2. forensics
  3. gene clonings
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13
Q

product of health medicine and biotechnology

A
  1. insulin for diabetes
  2. interferon for treating cancer
  3. Hepatitis B vaccine
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14
Q

environment and biotechnology

A

using living organisms to clean the environment

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15
Q

branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living organisms, like microbes and bacteria to decontaminate affected areas

A

Bioremediation

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16
Q

DNA sequences that can move locations within a genome

A

Transposable elements, or transposons

17
Q

other term for transposons

A

jumping genes

18
Q

who discovered the jumping genes in corn

A

Barbara McClintock (1940s)

19
Q

branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living organisms, like microbes and bacteria to decontaminate affected areas

A

Bioremediation

20
Q

GMOs

A

Genetically Modified Organisms

21
Q

group of soil microbes that are used to control certain insect pest

A

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

22
Q

example of GMOs

A
  • frost-resistant tomato with antifreeze gene from cold-water fish
  • genetically modified strawberries still taste exactly the same but have rich blue color
  • non-tear onion
23
Q

where is the antifreeze gene from frost-resistant tomatoes from

A

cold-water fish (trout)

24
Q

cellular evolution

A
  • habitable world
  • prebiotic synthesis
  • polymers, vesicles
  • protocells
  • LUCA
  • diversity of life
25
Q
  • believed to be a part of a small group of humans who lived in Africa around the time of Idaltu skull
  • Mitochondrial DNA found in our cells is the genetic signature that has been passed from from mother to child
A

mitochondrial eve

26
Q

what can be traced back in humans to a single female

A

mtDNA

27
Q

year of the mitochondrial eve

A

~100 - 150,000 years ago

28
Q

All men living now, then, would have a Y chromosome descended from that one man

A

Y-chromosomal Adam

29
Q

place where the mitochondrial Eve lived

A

East Africa, region of Tanzania

30
Q
  • technique that uses a gene(s) to treat, prevent or cure a disease or medical disorder.
  • Often works by adding new copies of a gene that is broken, or by replacing a defective or missing gene in a patient’s cells with a healthy version of that gene
A

Gene therapy

31
Q

Gene therapy steps

A
  1. cells are removed from patient
  2. in laboratory, virus is altered so that it cant reproduce
  3. gene is inserted to virus
  4. altered virus is mixed with cells from patient
  5. cells fom patient become genetically altered
  6. altered cells are injected into patient
  7. genetically altered cells produce desired hormone
32
Q

what corrects the stem cells of people suffering from sicke cell disease

A

beta-globin gene transfer from viral vectors

33
Q
  • unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence
  • currently the simplest, most versatile and precise method of genetic manipulation and is therefore causing a buzz in the science world
A

CRISPR-Cas9

34
Q
  • study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work
  • changes are reversible and do not change your DNA sequence, but they can change how your body reads a DNA sequence
A

Epigenetics

35
Q

case study #1

A

Case of the Telltale Paloverde

36
Q

case study #2

A

The OJ Simpson Case

37
Q

case study #3

A

The Golden State Killer

BIO105 - Genetics (19 decks)

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