Chapter 1 - Introduction Flashcards
- branch of bology that deals with the principles of heredity and variation in all living things
- core of biological science
- impinges on other natural and behavioral sciences
genetics
where is the name genetics from
Greek gen = to become or to grow
- change in size
- only be seen in multicellular organisms
to grow
- an organism will transform into something
- expression of trait leading to the change of the structure and physiology
to become
accumulation of materials on the surface
accretion
increase in the number of cells which will undergo differentiation
growth
- passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another
- transmitted from one generation to another
heredity
- biological differenes
- can be intraspecific / interspecific
- contribute to diversity
variation
where does variation contribute to
diversity
applications of genetics
- plant and animal improvement
- medicine
- genetic counseling
- legal applications
- genetic engineering
genetic engineering in genetics
- transgenics
- legal, social, environmental, and health implications
- ethical issues in biotechnology
applications of biotechnology
- paternity testing
- forensics
- gene clonings
product of health medicine and biotechnology
- insulin for diabetes
- interferon for treating cancer
- Hepatitis B vaccine
environment and biotechnology
using living organisms to clean the environment
branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living organisms, like microbes and bacteria to decontaminate affected areas
Bioremediation
DNA sequences that can move locations within a genome
Transposable elements, or transposons
other term for transposons
jumping genes
who discovered the jumping genes in corn
Barbara McClintock (1940s)
branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living organisms, like microbes and bacteria to decontaminate affected areas
Bioremediation
GMOs
Genetically Modified Organisms
group of soil microbes that are used to control certain insect pest
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
example of GMOs
- frost-resistant tomato with antifreeze gene from cold-water fish
- genetically modified strawberries still taste exactly the same but have rich blue color
- non-tear onion
where is the antifreeze gene from frost-resistant tomatoes from
cold-water fish (trout)
cellular evolution
- habitable world
- prebiotic synthesis
- polymers, vesicles
- protocells
- LUCA
- diversity of life
- believed to be a part of a small group of humans who lived in Africa around the time of Idaltu skull
- Mitochondrial DNA found in our cells is the genetic signature that has been passed from from mother to child
mitochondrial eve
what can be traced back in humans to a single female
mtDNA
year of the mitochondrial eve
~100 - 150,000 years ago
All men living now, then, would have a Y chromosome descended from that one man
Y-chromosomal Adam
place where the mitochondrial Eve lived
East Africa, region of Tanzania
- technique that uses a gene(s) to treat, prevent or cure a disease or medical disorder.
- Often works by adding new copies of a gene that is broken, or by replacing a defective or missing gene in a patient’s cells with a healthy version of that gene
Gene therapy
Gene therapy steps
- cells are removed from patient
- in laboratory, virus is altered so that it cant reproduce
- gene is inserted to virus
- altered virus is mixed with cells from patient
- cells fom patient become genetically altered
- altered cells are injected into patient
- genetically altered cells produce desired hormone
what corrects the stem cells of people suffering from sicke cell disease
beta-globin gene transfer from viral vectors
- unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence
- currently the simplest, most versatile and precise method of genetic manipulation and is therefore causing a buzz in the science world
CRISPR-Cas9
- study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work
- changes are reversible and do not change your DNA sequence, but they can change how your body reads a DNA sequence
Epigenetics
case study #1
Case of the Telltale Paloverde
case study #2
The OJ Simpson Case
case study #3
The Golden State Killer
