Chapter 2 - Mendelian Genetics Flashcards
1
Q
alternative form of a gene
A
allele
2
Q
contain like genes for any character
A
homozygous
3
Q
contains two kinds of genes for an allelic pair
A
heterozygous
4
Q
- appearance or assemblage of characters that are expressed
- may change because of interactions with environment and other genes
A
phenotype
5
Q
phenotype formula
A
P = G + E + (G X E)
6
Q
- genetic constitution of an individual
- constant
A
genotype
7
Q
trait that is expressed in the heterozygote
A
dominant trait
8
Q
hidden in the heterozygote
A
recessive trait
9
Q
why is mendelian genetics classical
A
principles of the Mendel still applies until today
10
Q
what do Mendelian genetics deal with
A
qualitative traits
11
Q
- also known as alleles
- According to him, two factors are needed for a trait to be expressed
- allele is one of the possible forms of a gene
- Most genes have two alleles, a dominant allele and a recessive allele
A
Mendelian inheritance factors
12
Q
long version of the word allele
A
allelomorphic pairs
13
Q
Mendelian genetics criteria
A
- diploid
- sexually reproducing
14
Q
- point of attachment of the kinetochore
- attachment of sister chromatids
- site for the attachment of spindle fibre
- help in the proper alignment and segregation of the chromosomes during the process of cell division in eukaryotic cells
A
centromeres
15
Q
physical location of a gene on a chromosome
A
gene loci
16
Q
- study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work
- reversible and do not change your DNA sequence
- change how your body reads a DNA sequence
A
Epigenetics
17
Q
father of Genetics
A
Gregor Mendel
18
Q
Gregor Mendel is the father of __
A
Genetics
19
Q
what did Mendel develop
A
fundamental laws of heredity
20
Q
what did Mendel blend
A
Concept of Inheritance vs Particulate Theory of Inheritance
21
Q
what are the test subjects of Mendel
A
garden peas
22
Q
garden peas
A
Pisum sativum
23
Q
why did he choose garden peas
A
- easily grown
- pollination is easily controlled
24
Q
how did Mendel control pollination
A
manually moving pollen between plants
25
what did Mendel develop in garden peas
true-breeding plants by self-pollination
26
true breeding other term
pure breeding
27
what does true-breeding or pure-breeding plants mean
homozygous
28
male parts of flower
anthers
29
contain sperm
pollen grain
30
female parts
pistil
31
eggs
ovule
32
produce pollen grains, which contain male gametes
anthers
33
receives pollen
stigma
34
produce female gametes
ovules
35
process of Cross-pollination
1. remove anthers from one plant
2. collect pollen from a different plant
3. transfer pollen to stigma of the 1st plant (plant without anthers)
36
kind of crossing strategy between a pair of parents (A and B) by using them in turn as female parent and male parent to obtain two reciprocal crosses of A×B and B×A
Reciprocal cross
37
first half of reciprocal cross
pollen from round-seeded to stigma of wrinkled-seeded
37
second half of reciprocal cross
pollen from wrinkled-seeded to stigma of round-seeded
37
Why was Mendel successful
1. unbiased
2. selected good model organism
3. used pure breeds as parents
4. large sample size
5. quantitative analysis
6. controlled experiments
7. studied obvious traits
38
Characters which Mendel used
1. seed shape
2. seed color
3. flower color
4. pod shape
5. pod color
6. flower position
7. stem height
39
seed shape
- spherical
- wrinkled
40
seed color
- yellow
- green
41
flower color
- purple
- white
42
pod shape
- inflated
- constricted
43
pod color
- green
- yellow
44
flower position
- axial
- terminal
45
stem height
- tall
- dwarf
46
a model system not only for studying numerous aspects of plant biology, but also for understanding mechanisms of the rapid evolutionary process associated with genome duplication and polyploidization.
Arabidopsis
47
Mendel's conclusions
1. genes do not blend together
2. peas have two versions, or alleles, of each gene
3. each gamete contains one allele of each gene
4. males and females contribute equally to the genotype of their offspring
5. some alleles are dominant to others
48
act of castrating (= removing the male sexual parts of) a man or male animal, or removing the male parts of a plant
emasculation
49
- alleles occur in pairs and that in the formation of gametes, these segregate so that only one member of a pair goes into a particular gamete
- covers how alleles of the same gene assort into different gametes
- monogenic trait
Law of Segregation
50
trait produced by the effect of a gene or an allele
monogenic trait
51
descendant or the descendants of a person, animal, or plant; offspring
progeny
52
original pair of parents at the start of a genetic cross experiment
P generation
53
first generation that is produced by the p generation
F1 generation
54
obtained by crossing F1 generation
F2 generation
55
P generation
parental generation
56
F1 generation
first filial generation
57
involves one (mono) character and different (hybrid) traits
monohybrid cross
58
tool for calculating genetic probability
Punnett squares
59
- based on dihybrid crosses where two genes are considered simultaneously
- alleles in different gene pairs separate cleanly from each other and randomly combine during gamete formation
- inheritance of one pair of genes is independent of inheritance of another pair
Law of Independent Assortment
60
made when phenotypes and genotypes composed of 2 independent alleles are analyzed
dihybrid crosses
61
Mendelian disorders in humans
1. ptosis
2. progeria
3. achondroplasia
4. polydactyly
62
- drooping of the upper eyelid, and the patient usually presents with the complaint of the defect in vision and cosmesis
- can be congenital or acquired, or it can be neurogenic, myogenic, aponeurotic, mechanical, or traumatic in origin
Ptosis
63
- extremely rare, progressive genetic disorder
- causes children to age rapidly, starting in their first two years of life
- generally appear healthy at birth
Progeria
64
- genetic condition affecting a protein in the body called the fibroblast growth factor receptor
- protein begins to function abnormally, slowing down the growth of bone in the cartilage of the growth plate.
Achondroplasia
65
- condition in which a baby is born with one or more extra fingers
- common condition that often runs in families
- extra fingers are usually small and abnormally developed
Polydactyly
66
- caused by reduced or absent synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin
- manifests during 2nd year
- causes severe anemia, poor growth, skeletal abnormalities
- requires life-long blood transfusion
β-Thallasemia
67
where is the Thallasemia word from
Greek
thalassa (sea)
haemia (blood)
68
β-Thallasemia is caused by what
reduced or absent synthesis of beta chains of hemoglobin
69
when does β-Thallasemia progress
2nd year
70
what does β-Thallasemia cause
- severe anemia
- poor growth
- skeletal abnormalities
71
β-Thallasemia carrier without ilness, but less hemoglobin (slight anemia)
with one mutation less hemoglobin
72
β-Thallasemia major patient with severe anemia
with two mutations no β-globin
73
β-Thallasemia physical manifestations
1. small head
2. low nasal bridge
3. epicanthal folds
4. short nose
5. flat midface
6. smooth philtrum
7. thin upper lip
8. underdeveloped jaw
74
β-Thallasemia is a stabilizing selection against __
malaria
75
β-Thllasemia superiority
heterozygote superiority
76
two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop
Autosomal recessive
77
β-Thllasemia highest prevalence
- Greeks (10%)
- Fil in Canada (4%)
- Taiwan (0.9%)
78
happens because they have less melanin than usual in their body
albinism
