Chapter 4B

Question 1

3 phases of operant conditioning

Answer 1

operant conditioning is a form of learning where the consequences of a particular response or behaviour determine the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated. as a result, behaviours that have a desirable consequences or that prevent undesirable consequences are repeated, while behaviours with undesirable consequences/punishments are not repeated
it includes 3 main components
- antecedent
- behaviour
- consequence

Question 2

antecedent

Answer 2

is the stimulus that comes before the operant response, it can be anything in an organisms environment such as guests coming over to the house

Question 3

behvaiour

Answer 3

The voluntary actions that occur in response to the antecedent

Question 4

consequence

Answer 4

The outcome of the voluntary
behaviour

Question 5

types of consequence

Answer 5

• The consequences of our behaviour dictate the
  likelihood of repeating the behaviour. If an outcome is
  positive, we are more likely to show that behaviour
  again, vice versa if it is a negative outcome.
• We can refer to these as reinforcement and
  punishment.

Question 6

reinforcement

Answer 6

the term reinforcement refers to when stimuli encourages a behaviour due to a desirable consequence
- POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT: is when a desirable stimulus is added in order to increase the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again. for example earning pocket money could be a form of positive reinforcement for doing chores
- NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT: is where an aversive stimulus is remove in order to increase the behaviour occurring again. for example, tidying your room might be reinforced by your parents removing curfew

Question 7

punishment

Answer 7

punishment refers to the delivery of an unpleasant consequence or removal of a pleasant stimulus in order to weaken the probability of a behaviour occurring again.
- POSITIVE PUNISHMENT: is when an unpleasant stimulus is added in order to decrease the likelihood
of a behaviour occurring again. For example, a child being given chores in order to reduce the
likelihood of them fighting with their siblings is an example of positive punishment.
- NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT: also known as response cost is when a desirable stimulus is removed in order to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again. For instance, when a teacher makes a class stay inside during lunch time and miss out on playing with their friends, this is an example of negative punishment.

Question 8

similarities between cc and oc

Answer 8

• Both are behaviourist approaches
  to learning. Both emphasise the
  interaction between us and the
  environment.
• Both are three-phase processes.
• Both require multiple trials for
  learning to occur

Question 9

differneces between oc and cc

Answer 9

Operant conditioning involves a voluntary
behaviour whereas CC involves an
involuntary, reflexive behaviour.

Learners are active participants in OC but
passive during CC

Consequences dictate behaviour in OC,
but not in CC