Chapter 4A Flashcards
classical conditioning
learning
a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience. it can be intentional or unintentional and active or passive.
behaviourist approach to learning
Behaviourist approach to learning is learning occurs through our interaction
with our environment. the tree main behaviourist approaches to learning are
- classical conditioning
- operant conditions
- observational learning
classical conditioning
Classical conditioning, discovered by Ivan Pavlov is a three phase, involuntary learning process that occurs through involuntary repeated association of two or more stimuli
In Pavlov’s experiment, dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell (neutral stimulus) with food (unconditioned stimulus) and eventually salivated (conditioned response) to the bell alone. This demonstrates how specific responses can be triggered through association.
5 key elements in classical condition
- Neutral stimulus (NS): any stimulus that doesn’t stimulate a response.
It is neutra to the
unconditioned response (UCR). An example of an NS would be the bell sounds used by Pavlov. - Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): any stimulus that constantly produces a particular naturally
occurring, automatic response. An example of this is the food in Pavlov’s experiment. - Unconditioned response (UCR): the response that occurs automatically when UCS is presented.
It is a reflexive, involuntary response. In Pavlov’s experiment, the UCR was the dogs salivating in
response to food. - Conditioned stimulus (CS): the stimulus that was initially neutral, but eventually triggers a response
similar to UCS. For example, the bell sounds became a CS after repeated association with the food. - Conditioned response (CR): a learned response that is produced by CS. It occurs after repeated
association between NS and UCS. For Pavlov’s dogs, the CR was salivating in response to the bell.
three stages of classical conditioning
Before
We start with a stimulus that reflexively causes a response, plus another stimulus
that has no effect
During
Over time, we present the neutral stimulus immediately before the stimulus that
already works, which causes a response.
After
Once the learning is complete, the response occurs to the new, initially neutral, stimulus
classical conditiong terms
Before
* Unconditioned stimulus (US) → Unconditioned response (UR)
* Neutral stimulus (NS) → no relevant response
During
* Neutral stimulus (NS) presented immediately before
* Unconditioned stimulus (US) → Unconditioned response (UR)
After
* Neutral stimulus now initiates a response. Becomes conditioned stimulus (CS)
* Conditioned stimulus (CS) → Conditioned response (CR)