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Fudamentals > Chapter 45, 22, 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 45, 22, 23 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the end products of carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Glucose, water, and carbon dioxide (CO₂)

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2
Q

What are the end products of protein metabolism?

A

Amino acids, ammonia (converted to urea for excretion), and energy

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3
Q

What are the end products of fat metabolism?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids, which can be further broken down into ketones for energy

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4
Q

What do the Dietary Guidelines for Americans emphasize regarding healthy eating patterns?

A

Emphasize fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats

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5
Q

What should be limited according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

A

Added sugars, saturated fats, and sodium

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6
Q

What is encouraged in terms of nutrient density and portion control?

A

Nutrient-rich foods over empty-calorie foods and monitoring portion sizes

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7
Q

What beverage choices are prioritized in the Dietary Guidelines?

A

Water over sugary drinks and limiting alcohol intake

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8
Q

How much physical activity is recommended per week?

A

At least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise

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9
Q

What is a Clear Liquid Diet used for?

A

Used post-surgery or for GI disorders

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10
Q

What does a Full Liquid Diet include?

A

Clear liquids plus dairy and pureed foods

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11
Q

What types of foods are included in a Soft Diet?

A

Soft, easy-to-digest foods for patients with dental or swallowing issues

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12
Q

What is the purpose of a Low-Residue Diet?

A

Limits fiber to reduce bowel movement frequency

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13
Q

What is the focus of a High-Protein Diet?

A

Supports wound healing, muscle building, and recovery from illness

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14
Q

What does a Diabetic Diet control?

A

Carbohydrates to maintain stable blood sugar levels

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15
Q

What is the DASH Diet designed for?

A

Low sodium, low cholesterol for hypertension and heart disease

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16
Q

What does a Renal Diet limit?

A

Sodium, potassium, and phosphorus for kidney disease patients

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17
Q

Who is at risk for malnutrition?

A

Elderly, cancer patients, individuals with eating disorders, those with chronic illnesses

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18
Q

What are the consequences of malnutrition?

A

Weakened immune system, poor wound healing, muscle loss

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19
Q

Who is at risk for obesity?

A

Individuals with sedentary lifestyles, poor dietary habits, genetic predisposition

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20
Q

What are the consequences of obesity?

A

Increased risk of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease

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21
Q

What are common micronutrient deficiencies?

A

Iron (anemia), Vitamin D (bone disorders), Calcium (osteoporosis)

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22
Q

Who is at risk for micronutrient deficiencies?

A

Pregnant women, vegans, alcoholics, elderly individuals

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23
Q

What is the goal of Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) for Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Maintain stable blood glucose levels

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24
Q

What are the nutritional strategies for managing Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Carbohydrate counting, high-fiber, low glycemic index foods, limit refined sugars

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25
Q

What is the goal of MNT for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)?

A

Reduce cholesterol and blood pressure

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26
Q

What nutritional strategies are recommended for Cardiovascular Disease?

A

Low sodium, saturated fat, and cholesterol; increase omega-3 fatty acids

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27
Q

What is the goal of MNT for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

A

Reduce kidney workload and maintain electrolyte balance

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28
Q

What nutritional strategies are recommended for Chronic Kidney Disease?

A

Low sodium, potassium, and phosphorus; controlled protein intake

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29
Q

What is the definition of nutrition?

A

Nutrition is essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues, supporting immune function, and providing energy.

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30
Q

What are the key roles of nurses in nutritional care?

A
  • Assessing patients’ nutritional status
  • Educating on balanced diets and dietary modifications
  • Monitoring for nutritional deficiencies or excesses
  • Collaborating with dietitians for meal planning and interventions
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31
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

A

Primary energy source; provides 4 kcal/gram.

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32
Q

What are the types of carbohydrates?

A
  • Simple carbohydrates: Sugars (glucose, fructose)
  • Complex carbohydrates: Starches, fiber (essential for gut health)
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33
Q

What are the effects of carbohydrate deficiency?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Ketosis (from fat metabolism)
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34
Q

What are the consequences of excess carbohydrates?

A
  • Obesity
  • Insulin resistance
  • Diabetes risk
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35
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A

Tissue repair, enzyme production, immune support (4 kcal/gram).

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36
Q

What are the types of proteins?

A
  • Complete proteins (contain all essential amino acids) – Meat, eggs, dairy
  • Incomplete proteins (lack some amino acids) – Beans, nuts, grains
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37
Q

What are the signs of protein deficiency?

A
  • Muscle wasting
  • Poor wound healing
  • Edema
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38
Q

What are the consequences of excess protein?

A
  • Kidney strain (from nitrogen breakdown)
  • Dehydration
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39
Q

What is the primary function of fats (lipids)?

A

Energy storage, hormone production, cell membrane integrity (9 kcal/gram).

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40
Q

What are the types of fats?

A
  • Saturated fats: Found in animal products, linked to heart disease
  • Unsaturated fats: Healthier, found in nuts, fish, and olive oil
  • Trans fats: Artificially modified, increase LDL (bad cholesterol)
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41
Q

What are the effects of fat deficiency?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Impaired brain function
  • Vitamin deficiencies (A, D, E, K)
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42
Q

What are the consequences of excess fats?

A
  • Obesity
  • Cardiovascular disease
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43
Q

What are fat-soluble vitamins?

A
  • Vitamins A, D, E, K: Stored in fat, risk of toxicity.
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44
Q

What are water-soluble vitamins?

A
  • Vitamins B, C: Excreted easily, require regular intake.
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45
Q

Name essential minerals and their functions.

A
  • Calcium: Bone health
  • Iron: Oxygen transport
  • Sodium: Fluid balance
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46
Q

What is the function of water in nutrition?

A

Hydration, temperature regulation, waste removal.

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47
Q

What are the signs of water deficiency?

A
  • Dehydration (dry skin, confusion, low BP)
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48
Q

What are the consequences of excess water?

A

Hyponatremia (low sodium).

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49
Q

What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

A

Minimum energy required for vital functions.

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50
Q

What factors affect metabolism?

A
  • Age
  • Activity level
  • Body composition
  • Thyroid function
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51
Q

Fill in the blank: Weight loss occurs when calories consumed ______ calories burned.

A

<

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52
Q

Fill in the blank: Weight gain occurs when calories consumed ______ calories burned.

A

>

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53
Q

What are the components of a nutritional assessment?

A
  • Dietary History
  • Anthropometric Measurements
  • Laboratory Tests
  • Physical Examination
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54
Q

What is included in dietary history?

A
  • 24-hour food recall
  • Food diary
  • Eating habits
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55
Q

What anthropometric measurements are used in nutritional assessment?

A
  • Height
  • Weight
  • BMI
  • Waist circumference
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56
Q

What laboratory tests are relevant for nutritional assessment?

A
  • Serum albumin
  • Prealbumin (protein levels)
  • Hemoglobin
  • Hematocrit (anemia indicators)
  • Blood glucose (diabetes risk)
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57
Q

What are signs of malnutrition?

A
  • Brittle hair
  • Delayed wound healing
  • Muscle wasting
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58
Q

What are the nutritional needs of infants and toddlers?

A
  • Breastfeeding recommended for first 6 months
  • Introduction of solid foods at 4-6 months
  • Risk of iron deficiency if formula-fed
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59
Q

What are the nutritional needs of adolescents?

A
  • High-calorie needs due to growth spurts
  • Risk of eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia)
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60
Q

What are the nutritional needs of adults?

A
  • Nutrient-dense foods to prevent chronic diseases
  • Increased need for folic acid, iron, calcium during pregnancy/lactation
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61
Q

What are the nutritional needs of older adults?

A
  • Slower metabolism → Lower calorie needs
  • Risk of malnutrition due to decreased appetite, dental issues
  • Increased need for Vitamin D and calcium (bone health)
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62
Q

What is malnutrition (undernutrition)?

A

At-risk patients include elderly, cancer patients, low-income populations.

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63
Q

What are the signs of malnutrition?

A
  • Weight loss
  • Muscle wasting
  • Fatigue
64
Q

What is the nursing diagnosis for malnutrition?

A

Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements.

65
Q

What is obesity (overnutrition)?

A

At-risk patients include sedentary lifestyle, high-fat diets, metabolic disorders.

66
Q

What are the signs of obesity?

A
  • High BMI
  • Difficulty moving
  • Breathlessness
67
Q

What is the nursing diagnosis for obesity?

A

Imbalanced Nutrition: More than Body Requirements.

68
Q

What are examples of micronutrient deficiencies?

A
  • Iron deficiency anemia (fatigue, pallor)
  • Vitamin D deficiency (bone pain, fractures)
69
Q

What is the nursing diagnosis for micronutrient deficiencies?

A

Risk for Deficient Nutrition.

70
Q

What is a clear liquid diet used for?

A

Post-surgery, GI issues (broth, juice, gelatin).

71
Q

What is a full liquid diet?

A

Clear liquids + dairy, soups, pudding.

72
Q

What is a diabetic diet?

A

Controlled carbs, low sugar.

73
Q

What is a heart-healthy diet (DASH Diet)?

A

Low sodium, low fat.

74
Q

What is a renal diet?

A

Low potassium, low protein (CKD patients).

75
Q

What are the nurse’s roles in implementing diet therapy?

A
  • Educate patients on diet modifications
  • Monitor food intake and tolerance
  • Address barriers to compliance (cultural, financial)
76
Q

What is the goal of medical nutrition therapy for diabetes mellitus?

A

Maintain blood sugar levels.

77
Q

What interventions are used in medical nutrition therapy for diabetes?

A
  • Carbohydrate counting
  • Portion control
  • Monitoring A1C
78
Q

What is the goal of medical nutrition therapy for cardiovascular disease?

A

Lower cholesterol, prevent hypertension.

79
Q

What interventions are used in medical nutrition therapy for cardiovascular disease?

A
  • Low-fat diet
  • Increased fiber
  • Omega-3s
80
Q

What is the goal of medical nutrition therapy for chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

A

Reduce kidney workload, prevent fluid overload.

81
Q

What interventions are used in medical nutrition therapy for CKD?

A
  • Low sodium
  • Low protein
  • Fluid restriction
82
Q

What are the evaluation criteria for medical nutrition therapy?

A
  • Weight stability or desired weight change
  • Improved lab values (glucose, cholesterol, albumin)
  • Increased energy levels and overall well-being
83
Q

What are cultural dietary preferences that nurses must consider?

A
  • Kosher
  • Halal
  • Vegetarian
84
Q

What are ethical issues in nutrition?

A

Tube feeding vs. patient refusal.

85
Q

What is important in informed decision-making regarding nutrition?

A

Respecting patient choices while providing evidence-based guidance.

86
Q

What is the role of nurses in nutrition?

A

Nurses play a critical role in nutritional assessment and interventions.

87
Q

How does understanding nutrition benefit patients?

A

Helps prevent chronic diseases and improves patient outcomes.

88
Q

What is the nursing process in developing nutrition plans?

A

Nurses can develop individualized nutrition plans to meet patient needs.

89
Q

What is the definition of Ethics?

A

The study of conduct and character; concerned with determining what is good or valuable for individuals and society.

90
Q

What is the definition of Values?

A

Personal beliefs about the worth of a given idea, attitude, custom, or object that influence behavior.

91
Q

Why are ethics and values important in nursing?

A

They guide nurses in making decisions that respect patient rights and promote ethical practice.

92
Q

What does Autonomy mean in nursing ethics?

A

Respecting a patient’s right to make their own decisions.

93
Q

What is Beneficence?

A

Taking positive actions to help others.

94
Q

Define Nonmaleficence.

A

Avoidance of harm or hurt.

95
Q

What does Justice refer to in ethical principles?

A

Being fair and equitable, especially in the distribution of resources.

96
Q

What is Fidelity in nursing ethics?

A

Keeping promises and being faithful to one’s commitments.

97
Q

What is the purpose of the Professional Nursing Code of Ethics?

A

Provides a foundation for ethical practice and decision-making in nursing.

98
Q

List the key components of the Professional Nursing Code of Ethics.

A
  • Advocacy
  • Responsibility
  • Accountability
  • Confidentiality
99
Q

What is the importance of understanding personal values in nursing?

A

Helps nurses provide nonjudgmental care and resolve ethical dilemmas.

100
Q

What is Deontology?

A

Focuses on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, rather than the consequences.

101
Q

Define Utilitarianism.

A

Emphasizes the outcome or consequences of actions to determine rightness.

102
Q

What does Feminist Ethics consider?

A

The nature of relationships and emphasizes the role of emotions and caring.

103
Q

What is the Ethics of Care?

A

Focuses on the importance of understanding relationships.

104
Q

What is an ethical dilemma?

A

Situations where there is a conflict between two or more ethical principles.

105
Q

List common causes of ethical dilemmas in nursing.

A
  • Conflicting values between patients and healthcare providers
  • Resource allocation issues
  • End-of-life decisions
106
Q

What are the resolution strategies for ethical dilemmas?

A
  • Clarify the ethical dilemma
  • Gather all relevant information
  • Examine and determine personal and professional values
  • Verbalize the problem
  • Consider possible courses of action
  • Negotiate the outcome
  • Evaluate the action and its outcomes
107
Q

What role do Ethics Committees play in healthcare?

A

Provide guidance and support in resolving ethical dilemmas.

108
Q

What legal obligations are associated with confidentiality?

A

Maintaining the confidentiality of patient information as mandated by laws such as HIPAA.

109
Q

What is the significance of advocacy in nursing?

A

Acting on behalf of patients to protect their rights and ensure their needs are met.

110
Q

What is a Patient-Centered Assessment in nursing?

A

Gathering data related to ethical concerns, patient values, and potential conflicts in care.

111
Q

Fill in the blank: The common nursing diagnosis related to ethical concerns is _______.

A

Decisional Conflict

112
Q

What is Moral Distress in nursing?

A

Perceived inability to carry out ethically appropriate actions due to institutional constraints.

113
Q

What is the goal of patient-centered planning in nursing?

A

Support ethical care, respect patient values, and promote autonomy.

114
Q

What are some ethical nursing interventions?

A
  • Advocacy
  • Provide Information
  • Promote Autonomy
  • Coordinate Resources
  • Facilitate Spiritual Support
115
Q

What should be evaluated after implementing ethical decisions?

A
  • Did the patient feel supported in their decision-making?
  • Were the patient’s wishes respected during care delivery?
  • Did the nurse experience moral distress?
116
Q

What is an example of an ethical dilemma scenario?

A

A terminally ill patient with clear DNR wishes is intubated in the ICU against her prior directive.

117
Q

What is the importance of understanding legal responsibilities in nursing?

A

Ensures patient safety and professional accountability

Understanding legal responsibilities helps nurses navigate complex situations and maintain ethical standards.

118
Q

What is Statutory Law?

A

Laws enacted by legislative bodies, such as Nurse Practice Acts

Statutory laws provide the framework for nursing practice and define the scope of nursing responsibilities.

119
Q

What is Regulatory Law?

A

Rules and regulations established by administrative agencies, like State Boards of Nursing

Regulatory laws ensure compliance with statutory laws and protect public health.

120
Q

What is Common Law?

A

Laws developed through court decisions, including informed consent and negligence

Common law evolves through judicial rulings and can influence nursing practice.

121
Q

What does Civil Law deal with?

A

Disputes between individuals or organizations, including tort law

Civil law encompasses various legal issues that may arise in nursing practice.

122
Q

What are Torts?

A

Civil wrongs committed against a person or property

Torts can lead to legal action and affect nursing practice significantly.

123
Q

What are Intentional Torts?

A

Assault, battery, and false imprisonment

Intentional torts involve deliberate actions that harm others.

124
Q

What are Quasi-intentional Torts?

A

Invasion of privacy and defamation of character

Quasi-intentional torts involve harm caused by actions that are not outright intentional but still violate rights.

125
Q

What are Unintentional Torts?

A

Negligence and malpractice

Unintentional torts occur when harm results from carelessness rather than intentional actions.

126
Q

What does Criminal Law involve?

A

Crimes against the state, including misdemeanors and felonies

Criminal law can have serious implications for nursing practice and professional conduct.

127
Q

What is the definition of Standards of Care?

A

Guidelines that outline the level of care expected in nursing practice

Standards of care are essential for ensuring patient safety and quality of care.

128
Q

What are the sources of Standards of Care?

A
  • Nurse Practice Acts
  • Professional organizations
  • Institutional policies and procedures
  • Accreditation standards

These sources help define acceptable nursing practices and ensure compliance.

129
Q

What is Licensure in nursing?

A

Legal permission to practice nursing

Licensure is crucial for maintaining professional standards and public safety.

130
Q

What are Good Samaritan Laws?

A

Protection for those who provide emergency care

Good Samaritan laws encourage bystanders to assist in emergencies without fear of legal repercussions.

131
Q

What are Public Health Laws?

A

Laws that include reporting obligations for communicable diseases and abuse

Public health laws are essential for protecting community health and safety.

132
Q

What does the Uniform Determination of Death Act define?

A

Legal definition of death

This act provides a standard for determining death in medical and legal contexts.

133
Q

What are the legal considerations surrounding Physician-Assisted Suicide?

A

Involves legal and ethical debates

Physician-assisted suicide raises complex legal questions about patient autonomy and medical ethics.

134
Q

What is Informed Consent?

A

Ensuring patients understand procedures and risks

Informed consent is a fundamental legal and ethical requirement in healthcare.

135
Q

What does confidentiality and HIPAA protect?

A

Patient privacy

HIPAA sets national standards for the protection of health information.

136
Q

What are the legal considerations regarding restraints in nursing?

A

Legal use and documentation requirements

Proper use of restraints is critical to ensure patient rights and safety.

137
Q

What is abandonment in nursing practice?

A

Failure to provide care to a patient after establishing a nurse-patient relationship

Abandonment can lead to legal consequences for nurses.

138
Q

What is Risk Management in nursing?

A

Strategies to minimize legal risks

Effective risk management is essential for protecting both patients and healthcare providers.

139
Q

Why is accurate documentation important in nursing?

A

It has legal implications and ensures continuity of care

Thorough documentation can protect against legal issues and improve patient outcomes.

140
Q

What are the legal considerations for nursing students?

A
  • Scope of practice limitations
  • Supervision requirements
  • Liability and accountability

Nursing students must understand their legal responsibilities and limitations.

141
Q

What is the emphasis in the conclusion regarding nurses?

A

Upholding legal and ethical standards

Continuous education and awareness are vital for legal compliance in nursing.

142
Q

What is the purpose of assessment in the legal context?

A

Identifying potential legal risks and ensuring patient rights are respected

This includes recognizing legal documents and professional responsibilities.

143
Q

What patient-specific legal considerations should be reviewed during assessment?

A
  • Advance directives
  • DNR orders
  • Durable power of attorney
  • Consent forms
  • Legal guardianship or surrogate decision-makers

These considerations ensure that patient autonomy and legal rights are upheld.

144
Q

What institutional and legal policies should be assessed?

A
  • Proper documentation policies
  • Use of restraints
  • Medication administration rights

These policies guide safe and legal nursing practice.

145
Q

What should a nurse evaluate regarding their knowledge and scope?

A
  • Understanding of the Nurse Practice Act
  • Familiarity with facility policies
  • Recognition of reportable incidents

This ensures that nurses are practicing within legal and professional standards.

146
Q

What are the documentation checkpoints a nurse must verify?

A
  • Timely
  • Accurate
  • Objective
  • Complete
  • Approved abbreviations

Proper documentation is critical for legal protection and quality care.

147
Q

Name two examples of nursing diagnoses that reflect legal concerns.

A
  • Risk for Injury related to lack of informed consent
  • Deficient Knowledge related to legal rights

These diagnoses highlight the intersection of nursing practice and legal implications.

148
Q

What are patient-centered goals in the planning phase?

A
  • Verbalize understanding of rights
  • Complete and sign informed consent
  • Review and honor personal legal documents

Goals should empower patients and ensure their legal rights are respected.

149
Q

What are some nurse-centered goals during the planning phase?

A
  • Accurately document care
  • Follow reporting procedures for abuse
  • Consult when in doubt about scope of practice

These goals help maintain legal compliance in nursing practice.

150
Q

What are key legal nursing interventions during implementation?

A
  • Obtain and confirm informed consent
  • Protect patient confidentiality
  • Apply restraints legally and safely
  • Accurate documentation
  • Report legally mandated events
  • Maintain licensure and continuing education

These interventions ensure legal standards are met and patient safety is prioritized.

151
Q

What are evaluation questions a nurse should consider?

A
  • Was informed consent obtained?
  • Did documentation reflect complete care?
  • Were patient rights respected?
  • Was care within scope of practice?
  • Was legally required information reported?

Evaluating these aspects helps ensure compliance with legal standards.

152
Q

Fill in the blank: A nurse must stay current with the _______ to maintain licensure.

A

[Nurse Practice Act]

153
Q

True or False: Legal concerns are typically considered traditional NANDA nursing diagnoses.

A

False

Legal concerns may not fit traditional nursing diagnoses but are important in practice.

154
Q

What should a nurse reflect on regarding their practice and legal issues?

A
  • Did I protect my patient’s legal rights?
  • Did I act within my professional legal boundaries?
  • Do I need further education on legal issues?

Self-reflection helps nurses identify areas for improvement in legal knowledge.

155
Q

In the example scenario, what was the risk identified for the patient?

A

Risk for Injury related to impaired judgment and wandering behavior

This highlights the importance of assessing patient safety needs.

156
Q

What interventions were suggested to ensure patient safety without violating rights?

A
  • Bed alarms
  • Sitter
  • Environmental adjustments

Non-restraint interventions are preferable to uphold patient dignity.

157
Q

What is the outcome of the evaluation in the example scenario?

A

Patient remained safe, no restraint used, and nurse documented interventions clearly

This demonstrates effective implementation of legal and ethical nursing practices.

Fudamentals (12 decks)

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