Chapter 38 & 39 Flashcards
What is the definition of activity?
Bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure.
Activity is a broad term encompassing any movement that uses energy.
What is the definition of exercise?
A subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive, aiming to improve or maintain physical fitness.
Exercise is more specific than activity and is focused on fitness goals.
List three benefits of activity and exercise.
- Enhances cardiovascular health
- Improves musculoskeletal strength
- Aids in weight management
These benefits contribute to overall health and well-being.
What are the principles of body mechanics?
- Alignment & Posture
- Balance
- Coordinated Body Movements
These principles help prevent injury and enhance physical performance.
What is the proper technique for lifting?
- Bend at the knees, not the waist
- Keep the object close to the body
- Use major muscle groups, not the back
- Avoid twisting while lifting
- Use assistive devices when necessary
Proper lifting techniques are crucial for nurses to prevent injury.
Define isotonic exercise.
Muscle contraction with movement.
Examples include walking, swimming, and jogging.
What is an example of isometric exercise?
Holding a yoga pose or performing planks.
Isometric exercises strengthen muscles without straining joints.
What type of exercise increases heart rate and oxygen consumption?
Aerobic Exercise.
Examples include running, cycling, and dancing.
What are some factors influencing activity and exercise?
- Developmental Stage
- Behavioral Factors
- Environmental Issues
- Cultural and Ethnic Influences
- Family and Social Support
Each factor can significantly affect an individual’s ability and willingness to engage in physical activity.
What is involved in a mobility assessment?
- Gait
- Posture
- Joint Mobility
- Muscle Strength
Assessing these areas helps determine a person’s physical capabilities.
Fill in the blank: The _______ Index measures independence in Activities of Daily Living (ADLs).
Katz
This index is commonly used in functional ability assessments.
What is the purpose of passive range of motion (ROM) exercises?
Performed by the nurse on immobilized patients to prevent stiffness.
Passive ROM is essential for patients who cannot move independently.
True or False: Encouraging deep breathing exercises can help prevent pneumonia.
True
Deep breathing exercises are a key intervention for patients at risk of respiratory complications.
What should nurses document regarding mobility and exercise interventions?
- Type of exercise
- Duration of exercise
- Patient response to exercise
Documentation is vital for tracking progress and making necessary adjustments.
What type of exercise focuses on balance and coordination?
Balance and Coordination Exercises.
Examples include Tai Chi and using balance boards.
List two special considerations for older adults regarding exercise.
- Focus on balance exercises
- Emphasize flexibility and endurance exercises
These considerations help prevent falls and maintain mobility.
What is the benefit of incorporating activities into daily routines?
Encourages consistent physical activity.
Making exercise a part of daily life increases adherence to an active lifestyle.
What is physical activity?
Physical activity is any movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure.
What is physical exercise?
Physical exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive with an objective such as improving or maintaining physical fitness.
What factors influence a patient’s activity tolerance?
Physiological, emotional, and developmental factors (age) influence a patient’s activity tolerance.
What are some factors influencing activity and exercise?
Developmental changes, pathological conditions, behavior, lifestyle, environmental issues, family and social support, and cultural and ethical factors.
What is the best program of physical activity?
The best program of physical activity is a combination of isotonic, isometric, and resistive exercises.
What are isotonic exercises?
Isotonic exercises include walking, swimming, jogging, and bicycling, which enhance circulatory and respiratory function, muscle mass, tone, and strength.
What are isometric exercises?
Isometric exercises increase muscle tension and are ideal for patients who do not tolerate increased activity.
What should be assessed for impaired mobility?
Observe the patient’s gait and measure strength, noting any difficulty in rising or moving.
What nursing diagnoses can be formulated for impaired mobility?
Nursing diagnoses may include impaired mobility and activity intolerance, utilizing walkers and crutches as needed.
What is body mechanics?
Body mechanics refers to the coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems.
Why is motivation important for patients?
Patients must have a level of motivation to engage in regular exercise.
What factors influence balance?
Disease, injury, pain, age, and life changes can compromise balance.
How does correct body alignment benefit individuals?
Correct body alignment reduces strain, aids in maintaining adequate muscle tone, comfort, and contributes to balance and energy conversion.
What is the role of weight in body mechanics?
Weight is the force exerted on the body by gravity, always directed downward.
What is shear in body mechanics?
Shear is the force exerted while the skin remains stationary and the bony structures move, potentially damaging blood vessels and tissue.
How can nurses reduce friction during patient transfers?
Nurses can use assistive devices such as full body slings to decrease surface area and reduce friction.
What are the benefits of regular physical activity and exercise?
Regular physical activity and exercise can enhance all aspects of a patient’s health.
What is deconditioning?
Deconditioning involves physiological changes that occur after periods of hospitalization.
How does age affect patients’ health?
Increasing age can lead to a decline in function and deconditioning.
What is immobility?
Immobility is defined as the inability or severe limitation to move freely or change positions.
What are the types of immobility?
Immobility may be temporary, resulting from acute illness, surgery, or injury, or chronic, seen in conditions like advanced neurological disorders, severe arthritis, or long-term hospitalization.
Why is immobility significant?
Immobility is not only a symptom but a condition that can lead to systemic complications, higher morbidity, longer hospital stays, increased risk of infections, and reduced quality of life.
What are some neurological causes of immobility?
Neurological causes include stroke, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease.
What musculoskeletal disorders contribute to immobility?
Musculoskeletal disorders include fractures, severe osteoarthritis, and postoperative conditions.
What cardiovascular conditions can lead to immobility?
Cardiorespiratory conditions such as congestive heart failure, severe COPD, and pneumonia can lead to immobility.
What are the effects of immobility on the musculoskeletal system?
Effects include muscle atrophy and weakness, contractures, and bone demineralization.
What is muscle atrophy?
Muscle atrophy is the loss of strength and endurance due to disuse, leading to difficulty performing basic activities.
What are contractures?
Contractures are the permanent shortening of muscles or tendons around joints.
How can contractures be prevented?
Regular range-of-motion (ROM) exercises are essential to maintain joint flexibility.
What cardiovascular effect is caused by prolonged bed rest?
Orthostatic hypotension occurs due to a reduction in plasma volume and diminished vascular tone.
What is venous stasis?
Venous stasis is sluggish blood flow in the lower extremities, increasing the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
What is atelectasis?
Atelectasis is the collapse of alveoli due to shallow, ineffective breathing, leading to decreased gas exchange.
What are pressure ulcers?
Pressure ulcers, or decubitus ulcers, occur due to continuous pressure over bony prominences, impairing blood flow and leading to tissue ischemia.
What are the stages of pressure ulcers?
Stage I: Non-blanchable erythema, Stage II: Partial-thickness skin loss, Stage III: Full-thickness tissue loss, Stage IV: Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone or muscle.
What gastrointestinal effect is common in immobile patients?
Constipation due to reduced gut motility is common in immobile patients.
What urinary effects can immobility cause?
Immobility may lead to urinary retention and infections due to incomplete bladder emptying.
How can immobility affect mental health?
Immobility can lead to social isolation, depression, and anxiety.
What is the purpose of a comprehensive assessment of immobility?
To document the onset and duration of immobility, explore the patient’s previous level of activity, and identify contributing factors.
What tools are used for assessing immobility?
Tools include the Braden Scale for pressure ulcer risk and the Barthel Index or Katz Index for evaluating activities of daily living (ADL) and mobility.
What is the role of documentation in managing immobility?
Documentation includes recording the patient’s initial mobility status, intervention tracking, and communication with the interdisciplinary team.
What are some nursing interventions for preventing complications of immobility?
Interventions include pressure ulcer prevention, DVT prophylaxis, respiratory support, and preventing contractures.
What is the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in managing immobility?
Collaboration with physical and occupational therapy, dietary services, and mental health professionals is essential for comprehensive care.
What recent research findings emphasize in the management of immobility?
Recent studies emphasize the role of early mobilization in reducing ICU-acquired weakness and overall hospital length of stay.
What is a case example of postoperative immobility?
A 65-year-old postoperative hip replacement patient with reduced active ROM and initial skin redness over the sacral area.
What interventions were applied in the case of postoperative immobility?
Interventions included passive ROM exercises, gradual active ambulation, and a 2-hour turning schedule.
What is a case example of chronic immobility in a neurological patient?
A 75-year-old patient with advanced Parkinson’s disease experiencing marked muscle rigidity and early stage pressure ulcer development on the heel.
What interventions were applied in the case of chronic immobility?
Interventions included gentle stretching, passive and active ROM exercises, and family-centered education.
What study and review strategies can enhance learning about immobility?
Strategies include creating visual aids, developing flashcards, participating in simulations, engaging in peer discussions, and reflective journaling.
What is the definition of a fall?
A fall is a unplanned decent to a lower surface
This is used to define exactly what a fall is
Define Ataxia
A lack of coordination
