Chapter 43 And 47 Flashcards
What is the primary function of sleep?
Sleep is essential for physiological and psychological restoration, cognitive function, memory consolidation, immune function, and tissue repair.
Lack of sleep can lead to impaired judgment, mood disturbances, and health problems like hypertension and diabetes.
Which systems and substances regulate sleep?
Sleep is regulated by the circadian rhythm, sleep-wake cycle, hypothalamus, reticular activating system (RAS), serotonin, and melatonin.
These components play crucial roles in the sleep process.
List factors that promote sleep.
- Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule
- Creating a comfortable sleep environment (dark, quiet, and cool room)
- Engaging in relaxing bedtime routines
- Regular physical activity (not too close to bedtime)
- Avoiding caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol before sleep
These practices can significantly enhance sleep quality.
List factors that disrupt sleep.
- Stress, anxiety, and depression
- Poor sleep hygiene (e.g., irregular sleep schedule, screen time before bed)
- Medical conditions (e.g., pain, respiratory issues)
- Medications (e.g., stimulants, diuretics)
- Environmental factors (e.g., noise, temperature, shift work)
Identifying these factors is crucial for improving sleep.
Define insomnia.
Insomnia is difficulty falling or staying asleep, leading to daytime fatigue and impaired functioning.
It is one of the most common sleep disorders.
What is sleep apnea?
Sleep apnea is characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep, often associated with snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness.
It can have serious health implications if untreated.
What is narcolepsy?
Narcolepsy involves uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day, often accompanied by cataplexy (sudden muscle weakness).
This disorder can severely impact daily life.
What are the symptoms of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)?
RLS is characterized by uncomfortable sensations in the legs with an urge to move them, worsening at night.
This condition can disrupt sleep significantly.
Define parasomnias.
Parasomnias are unusual behaviors during sleep, such as sleepwalking, night terrors, or sleep talking.
These behaviors can be alarming and impact sleep quality.
True or False: Lack of sleep can affect immune function.
True
Sleep plays a critical role in maintaining immune health.
Fill in the blank: The _______ regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
[circadian rhythm]
This biological clock influences sleep patterns.
What role does the reticular activating system (RAS) play in sleep?
The RAS is involved in regulating wakefulness and sleep.
It helps to maintain alertness and attention.
True or False: Engaging in relaxing bedtime routines can help promote sleep.
True
Such routines signal the body that it is time to wind down.
What is the definition and importance of sleep?
Sleep is essential for health and well-being, playing a crucial role in physiological and psychological restoration.
Sleep contributes to overall health by aiding in recovery and maintaining mental health.
What regulates sleep in the body?
The central nervous system, particularly the hypothalamus, regulates sleep control.
Neurotransmitters and hormones also play significant roles in sleep induction and maintenance.
What are the characteristics of Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep?
NREM sleep consists of four stages characterized by physiological changes from light to deep sleep.
Each stage has distinct features and varying levels of brain activity.
What is Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep and its importance?
REM sleep features dreaming and increased brain activity, crucial for cognitive functions like memory consolidation.
It is vital for learning and emotional regulation.
What role does NREM sleep play in physiological restoration?
NREM sleep aids in tissue repair, growth, energy conservation, and metabolic regulation.
It is essential for physical recovery during sleep.
What is the average sleep duration for neonates?
Neonates require an average of 16 hours of sleep per day with sleep cycles lasting 40-50 minutes.
They have a high proportion of REM sleep.
How much sleep do toddlers (1-3 years) need?
Toddlers need 11-14 hours of sleep per day, often experiencing bedtime resistance and night awakenings.
Sleep patterns in this age group can be inconsistent.
What are common sleep requirements for adolescents (13-18 years)?
Adolescents are recommended to get 8-10 hours of sleep, often facing challenges due to social and academic pressures.
Delayed sleep phase is common in this age group.
What factors can influence sleep quality?
Factors include:
* Physical illness
* Lifestyle
* Emotional stress
* Exercise and fatigue
* Dietary habits
* Environmental factors
Each of these can disrupt sleep patterns and quality.
What characterizes insomnia?
Insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, with various contributing factors and treatments.
It can significantly impact daily functioning.
What is sleep apnea?
Sleep apnea includes obstructive and central types, with symptoms like interrupted breathing during sleep.
Management strategies vary based on the type and severity.
What are the consequences of sleep deprivation?
Sleep deprivation can lead to negative health effects and impaired daily functioning.
Strategies exist to prevent and address these consequences.
What assessment techniques are used for evaluating sleep?
Assessment techniques include:
* Sleep history
* Sleep diaries
* Questionnaires
* Physical examination
* Diagnostic studies like polysomnography
Comprehensive evaluation helps identify sleep disorders.
What are some common nursing diagnoses related to sleep?
Common nursing diagnoses include:
* Disturbed Sleep Pattern
* Sleep Deprivation
* Readiness for Enhanced Sleep
Each diagnosis is supported by related factors and evidence.
What are key health promotion strategies for good sleep hygiene?
Key strategies include:
* Establishing a regular sleep schedule
* Creating a conducive sleep environment
These practices can improve overall sleep quality.
How can nursing interventions be evaluated for effectiveness?
Effectiveness can be assessed through methods that include patient feedback and observed outcomes.
Adjustments to care plans may be necessary based on evaluation.
What is bowel elimination?
The process of removing waste from the body, essential for maintaining homeostasis and overall health.
Bowel elimination is crucial in nursing care and affects patient outcomes.
What are the components of the large intestine?
- Cecum
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon
- Rectum
The ileocecal valve plays a role in the function of the large intestine.
What is the role of the ileocecal valve?
It regulates the flow of material from the small intestine to the large intestine.
What factors influence bowel elimination?
- Age-related changes
- Diet and fluids
- Physical activity
- Psychological factors and stress
- Medications and medical conditions
Each factor can significantly affect bowel function.
How does age affect bowel elimination?
Differences exist in bowel elimination patterns among infants, adolescents, and older adults.
What is the impact of dietary fiber on bowel elimination?
Dietary fiber helps regulate stool consistency and promotes healthy bowel movements.
What is the relationship between physical activity and bowel elimination?
Exercise positively impacts peristalsis and overall bowel function.
True or False: Stress can either accelerate or inhibit bowel movements.
True
What are common causes of constipation?
- Poor diet
- Immobility
- Medications
Signs of constipation may include infrequent bowel movements and hard stools.
What complications can arise from diarrhea?
- Dehydration
- Electrolyte imbalance
Diarrhea can lead to serious health issues if not managed properly.
What should be assessed in patients with fecal impaction?
Assessment findings and intervention priorities should be established.
What is included in the nursing assessment of bowel elimination?
- History taking
- Physical examination
- Diagnostic tests
This includes understanding the patient’s usual elimination patterns and dietary habits.
What are potential nursing diagnoses related to bowel elimination?
- Impaired bowel elimination
- Risk for constipation
- Risk for diarrhea
- Skin integrity issues related to incontinence or ostomy care
What are the goals and outcomes for bowel elimination care?
- Establishment of a regular elimination pattern
- Maintenance of soft, formed stool
- Skin integrity
- Patient understanding of dietary and lifestyle modifications
What are nonpharmacological interventions for bowel elimination?
- Dietary modifications
- Increasing fluid intake
- Encouraging physical activity
- Bowel training
These interventions promote regular bowel movements.
What types of laxatives are used in pharmacological interventions?
- Stimulant laxatives
- Osmotic laxatives
- Bulk-forming laxatives
Each type has different indications and precautions.
What should be considered in ostomy care?
- Management of colostomy and ileostomy
- Pouching system care
- Peristomal skin protection
What should patients be educated about regarding bowel elimination?
- Normal elimination patterns
- Dietary, fluid, and activity modifications
- Recognizing abnormal patterns
- When to seek help
What is involved in the evaluation of bowel elimination outcomes?
- Monitoring regularity
- Stool consistency
- Absence of complications
- Reassessment of interventions
- Patient self-report and adherence
What are the key implications for nursing practice in bowel elimination?
Holistic care is essential for addressing bowel elimination issues and improving patient outcomes.
What is the first phase of the Nursing Process in Bowel Elimination?
Assessment
Involves gathering data about the patient’s bowel elimination patterns, dietary habits, activity level, medications, and associated symptoms.
What should be included in the nursing history assessment?
- Usual bowel patterns
- Dietary and fluid intake
- Physical activity level
- Medications affecting bowel function
- Stress and psychological factors
- Recent surgeries or illnesses
What are the characteristics assessed in usual bowel patterns?
- Frequency
- Time of day
- Characteristics of stool (color, consistency, shape)
What is the recommended daily water consumption for bowel health?
1.5-2 liters
Adequate hydration is essential for proper bowel function.
Which medications can affect bowel function?
- Laxatives
- Antidiarrheals
- Opioids
What can stress and psychological factors influence?
Bowel movements
What should be inspected during a physical examination of the abdomen?
- Distension
- Visible peristalsis
- Abnormal masses
What does auscultation of bowel sounds assess?
- Normal (5-30 sounds/min)
- Hypoactive (decreased sounds)
- Hyperactive (excessive sounds)
What does the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) screen for?
Hidden blood in stool
What are common nursing diagnoses related to bowel elimination?
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
- Bowel Incontinence
- Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity
- Knowledge Deficit
What is a short-term goal for bowel health?
Patient will pass soft, formed stool within 48 hours.
What dietary modifications can promote bowel health?
- Increase fiber intake (25-30g/day)
- Encourage prune juice, bran, or warm fluids in the morning
What is the purpose of a bowel training program?
To establish a routine schedule for bowel movements
What are the types of laxatives used for constipation?
- Bulk-forming: Psyllium (Metamucil)
- Osmotic: Lactulose, polyethylene glycol (Miralax)
- Stimulant: Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
What is the proper administration technique for enemas?
Left-side lying (Sims’ position), lubricated tip, slow insertion
What should a healthy stoma look like?
Pink/red and moist
When should an ostomy pouch be emptied?
When 1/3 to 1/2 full
What are the key components of the evaluation phase?
- Assess effectiveness of interventions
- Determine if goals were met
- Adjust care plan as needed
True or False: Patient verbalizes understanding of dietary modifications is an indicator of effective nursing interventions.
True
Fill in the blank: The nursing process includes assessment, diagnosis, _______, implementation, and evaluation.
planning
What is the first phase of the Nursing Process in Bowel Elimination?
Assessment
Involves gathering data about the patient’s bowel elimination patterns, dietary habits, activity level, medications, and associated symptoms.
What should be included in the nursing history assessment?
- Usual bowel patterns
- Dietary and fluid intake
- Physical activity level
- Medications affecting bowel function
- Stress and psychological factors
- Recent surgeries or illnesses
What are the characteristics assessed in usual bowel patterns?
- Frequency
- Time of day
- Characteristics of stool (color, consistency, shape)
What is the recommended daily water consumption for bowel health?
1.5-2 liters
Adequate hydration is essential for proper bowel function.
Which medications can affect bowel function?
- Laxatives
- Antidiarrheals
- Opioids
What can stress and psychological factors influence?
Bowel movements
What should be inspected during a physical examination of the abdomen?
- Distension
- Visible peristalsis
- Abnormal masses
What does auscultation of bowel sounds assess?
- Normal (5-30 sounds/min)
- Hypoactive (decreased sounds)
- Hyperactive (excessive sounds)
What does the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) screen for?
Hidden blood in stool
What are common nursing diagnoses related to bowel elimination?
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
- Bowel Incontinence
- Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity
- Knowledge Deficit
What is a short-term goal for bowel health?
Patient will pass soft, formed stool within 48 hours.
What dietary modifications can promote bowel health?
- Increase fiber intake (25-30g/day)
- Encourage prune juice, bran, or warm fluids in the morning
What is the purpose of a bowel training program?
To establish a routine schedule for bowel movements
What are the types of laxatives used for constipation?
- Bulk-forming: Psyllium (Metamucil)
- Osmotic: Lactulose, polyethylene glycol (Miralax)
- Stimulant: Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
What is the proper administration technique for enemas?
Left-side lying (Sims’ position), lubricated tip, slow insertion
What should a healthy stoma look like?
Pink/red and moist
When should an ostomy pouch be emptied?
When 1/3 to 1/2 full
What are the key components of the evaluation phase?
- Assess effectiveness of interventions
- Determine if goals were met
- Adjust care plan as needed
True or False: Patient verbalizes understanding of dietary modifications is an indicator of effective nursing interventions.
True
Fill in the blank: The nursing process includes assessment, diagnosis, _______, implementation, and evaluation.
planning
What is the role of the mouth in digestion?
Chews food (mastication) and mixes it with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin digestion.
How does the esophagus function in the digestive system?
Moves food to the stomach via peristalsis.
What are the main functions of the stomach in digestion?
Uses hydrochloric acid (HCl) and digestive enzymes (pepsin) to break down proteins and mix food into chyme.
List the three parts of the small intestine and their primary functions.
- Duodenum: Receives bile and pancreatic enzymes
- Jejunum: Absorbs carbohydrates & proteins
- Ileum: Absorbs fats, vitamins, and bile salts.
What is the primary function of the large intestine (colon)?
Absorbs water and electrolytes, forms stool, and eliminates waste.
What are the roles of the rectum and anus in elimination?
Stores and expels feces via the defecation reflex.
True or False: Stress and anxiety can cause diarrhea.
True.
How does depression influence bowel movement?
Slows peristalsis, leading to constipation.
What physiological factor can affect bowel control in infants?
Lack of bowel control until the nervous system matures.
What dietary component promotes regular bowel movements?
High fiber (fruits, vegetables, whole grains).
Fill in the blank: Low fluid intake results in _______.
hard, dry stool.
What effect does exercise have on peristalsis?
Increases peristalsis.
List two medications that can affect bowel movements.
- Opioids: Cause constipation
- Antibiotics: Can cause diarrhea.
What is fecal impaction?
Severe constipation leads to hard stool blocking the rectum.
What are the symptoms of bowel incontinence?
Loss of voluntary bowel control.
What is flatulence and what does it cause?
Gas accumulation causes bloating and discomfort.
What causes hemorrhoids?
Swollen rectal veins due to straining or pregnancy.
What does the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) detect?
Hidden blood in stool (possible colon cancer or GI bleeding).
What is a nursing implication for the stool culture test?
Proper stool collection & timely transport to lab.
What is required before a colonoscopy?
Bowel prep (clear liquid diet, laxatives) required.
What should be encouraged post-barium enema procedure?
Encourage fluid intake to clear barium.
What is the nursing implication for endoscopy (EGD)?
Ensure NPO (nothing by mouth) 6-8 hours before.
List three nursing interventions to promote normal elimination.
- Encourage high-fiber diet
- Increase fluid intake
- Promote physical activity.
What is a recommended time for toileting to encourage bowel movement?
After meals when peristalsis is most active.
Fill in the blank: Laxatives should be used _______.
only as needed, short-term.
What should be assessed to promote bowel training?
Bowel patterns: time, frequency, and consistency of stool.
How can regular activity influence bowel motility?
Increases bowel motility.
What is a key aspect of promoting adherence to bowel training schedules?
Provide positive reinforcement.
Conclusion: What is the critical role of the GI system?
Plays a critical role in digestion and elimination.
What factors influence bowel health?
- Psychological factors
- Physiological factors.
What should nurses do to manage common bowel issues?
Assess and manage through diet, exercise, bowel training, and patient education.
