Chapter 44 (Module 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Osmosis:

A

movement of water down its gradient across a selectively permeable membrane

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2
Q

Osmolarity:

A

the solute concentration of a solution

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3
Q

Hyperosmotic side:

A

higher solute conc., lower free H2O conc.

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4
Q

Hypoosmotic side:

A

lower solute conc., higher free H2O conc.

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5
Q

Selectively permeable membrane: (2)

A
  • divides the solution and allows water to pass from one side to the other
  • prevents solutes from moving from one side to the other
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6
Q

Importance of Osmoregulation:

A
  1. consistant internal enviroment (pH, salinity, etc)
  2. animals must maintain constant osmoregulation (gain and lose of water)
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7
Q

How do animals loose water: (4)

A
  1. Urine
  2. Feces
  3. Perspiration
  4. Breath
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8
Q

Osmoconformers: (4)

A
  • isosmotic with their surroundings; do not regulate their osmolarity
  • conserves energy
  • narrow range of salinities
  • ALWAYS saltwater organisms
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9
Q

Osmoregulators: (2)

A
  • expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment.
  • ALL vertebrates
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10
Q

Freshwater fish: (2 problems they face)

A
  • hypoosmotic medium (water wants to enter cells)
  • water gained by osmosis; solutes lost into water by diffusion
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11
Q

Saltwater/marine fish: (2 problems they face)

A
  • hyperosmotic medium (water wants to leave the cells)
  • water lost by osmosis; solutes gained by diffusion
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12
Q

Terrestrial animals: (2 problems they face)

A
  • Hyperosmotic medium (water wants to leave the cells)
  • water is lost from evaporation and during breathing
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13
Q

Deamination:

A

result of the metabolic process –> typically as ammonia

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14
Q

Excretion:

A

must be dissolved in water

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15
Q

Forms of removal: (3)

A
  • Ammonia: aquatic animals, most bony fish
  • Urea: mammals, amphibians, sharks
  • Uric acid: birds, reptiles, insects
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16
Q

Strategies for removal: (3)

A
  • Flushing: dump NH3 into water at the gills
  • Detoxification: NH3 is converted to urea and transported to kidneys
  • Insolubilization: NH3 is converted to uric acid and excreted as a solid or kept in an egg (uses less water)
17
Q

Filtration:

A

body fluids pass through special structures to remove unwanted materials

18
Q

Reabsorption:

A

reclaiming valuable solutes from the filtrate

19
Q

Secretion:

A

adding nonessential solutes and water to the filtrate

20
Q

Excretion:

A

processed filtrate containing nitrogenous waste is released from the body

21
Q

Protonephridia:

A
  • found in protonephridia
  • taken in by cilia in the flame bulb, filtered, and pushed through tubules
22
Q

Metanephridia:

A
  • found in earthworms, Annelida
  • Uses a collecting tubule and a network of capillary networks
23
Q

Malpighian tubules:

A
  • found in some insects
  • bring salt, water, and N waste into the Hindgut
24
Q

Blood to the Kidney: (3)

A
  • blood flows to kidneys in renal artery
  • branches into glomeruli (capillary beds)
  • fluid that does not go into kidneys go to efferent arteriole and peritubular capillaries
25
Nephron process: (7)
- blood comes through afferent arterioles and turn into glomerular capsule in the - Bowman's capsule where filtrate enters - travels down excretory tubule - reabsorption - secreation - turns to urine - excreted
26
Some of the water, ions, small nutrients, leave the blood and go into the ____ ____.
Kidney tubule
27
Blood through the layers of the kidney: (7)
CORTEX 1. Proximal tubule OUTER MEDULLA 2. Descending limb of loop of Henle INNER MEDULLA - Loop of Henle 3. Thin segment of ascending limb OUTER MEDULLA 4. Thick segment of ascending limb CORTEX 5. Distal tubule DOWN AND OUT 6. Down collecting duct