Chapter 42 (Module 3) Flashcards
1
Q
Simple organisms exchange system:
A
Happens within the Gastrovascular cavity. The body wall of the gastrovascular cavity is only 2 cells deep –> no need for circulation
2
Q
Complex organisms exchange system:
A
Circulatory system and gas exchange system connected
3
Q
Circulatory system components: (3)
A
- Muscular pump
- Circulatory fluid
- Interconnecting vessels (veins/arteries (valves))
4
Q
Open systems… (3)
A
- are found in some vertebrates (insects, mollusks)
- has a dorsal/tubular heart with Ostia (pores)
- has hemolymph, not blood
5
Q
Closed systems… (2)
A
- can be found in Annelids (earthworms), Cephalopods (octopi), and Vertebrates
- blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid
6
Q
Another name for closed circulatory system in vertebrates?
A
Cardiovascular system
7
Q
Three types of vessels:
A
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
8
Q
Arteries carry blood…
A
AWAY
9
Q
Arteries –> _____ –> capillaries –> _____ –> Veins
A
arterioles, venules
10
Q
Vertebrate heart chambers #?
A
2 or more
11
Q
Blood enters through ____ and is pumped out through ____.
(Chambers)
A
atrium/atria, ventricles
12
Q
Single Circulation (fishes): (3)
A
- 2 chambered heart
- blood passes through 2 capillary beds before returning
- BP is very low after passing through gills, making it hard to get blood to the rest of the body
13
Q
Double circulation (amphibians, reptiles, mammals): (3)
A
- O2 poor blood gets pumped to the lungs through pulmonary circuit
- O2 rich blood is delivered to body though systemic circuit
- Double circulation = higher BP in organs
14
Q
Reptiles (except crocodilians) have __ chambered hearts with a partially separated ______.
A
3, ventricle
15
Q
Amphibians: O2 poor blood flows through a __________ ______ and pick up O2 through the ____ and ____.
A
Pulmocutaneous circuit, lungs, skin
16
Q
Mammals and birds are _____ and require more ____ than _______.
A
Endoderms, O2, ectoderms
17
Q
Pulmonary Circuit: (3)
A
- purpose to gain O2 in blood and get rid of CO2 in blood
- deoxygenated blood flows via the pulmonary arteries/arterioles to the lungs
- oxygenated blood returns from the lungs via the pulmonary venules/veins
18
Q
Goal of the systemic circuit?
A
To gain O2 and get rid of CO2
19
Q
Heart chambers: (2)
A
- 2 atria: relatively thin walls, acts as collection chambers
- 2 ventricles: thicker walls, contract more forcefully
20
Q
Heart valves: (3)
A
- Four valves to prevent back flow
- Atrioventricular (AV): separate each atria from their ventricle
- Semilunar valves: control blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery
21
Q
Heart murmurs are causes by…
A
blood flowing back through a defective valve
22
Q
Cardiac cycle:
A
when the heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle
23
Q
Systole:
A
contraction or pumping phase
24
Q
Diastole:
A
Relaxation or filling phase
25
Cardiac output:
volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute. Dependent on heart rate and stroke volume.
26
Heart rate:
number of beats per minute
27
Stroke volume:
amount of blood pumped in a single contraction
28
Arteries:
- Thick, elastic layer to handle higher BP from heart
29
Capillary walls are ____ thick to allow easy ____ with nearby cells.
one-layer, exchange
30
Veins: (2)
- Do not have thick elastic layer BUT
- they have valves
31
Blood Structure: (3)
- average human has 4-6 liters of blood
- 45% of blood is cellular (RBC, WBS, and platlets)
- 55% of blood is plasma (90% water, 10% dissolved molecules)
32
Erythrocytes: (4)
- Biconcave disk structure for max Surface A:V ratio for max gas exchange
- most numerous in body
- formed in bone marrow
- circulate 3-4 months before being removed by liver
33
Sickle Cell Disease:
- Caused by abnormal hemoglobin proteins that form aggregates.
- These can deform the RBC into a sickle shape
- Sickle cells can rupture or block blood vessels
34
Capillaries: (2)
- site of all exchange between blood and body cells
- Material is exchanged by either diffusion, secretion, or filtration
35
Diffusion: (2)
- across endothelial cell
- O2, CO2, lipid soluble hormones
36
Secretion:
- vesicles in endothelial cells can pick up materials by endocytosis on one side of the cell
- they move it across the cell
- and expel materials by exocytosis on the other side
37
Filtration:
- clefts between adjacent endothelial cells will allow water and small particles through
- not proteins though
38
Blood-brain barrier:
- in the brain, gaps are small, meaning little filtration
39
Filtration depends on balance of ____ ______ and ______ ______.
blood pressure, osmotic pressure
40
Blood pressure forced water ____ of capillaries, osmotic pressure forces water ____ capillaries.
out, into
41
Lymphatic system: (3)
- open circulatory system
- moves lymph back to bloodstream
- no pressure for flow, uses muscle action and valves
- lymph goes back to ducts that enter the venous system near the heart
42
When ________ fluid pressure is high due to ____ ____ from capillaries, it flows to the ________ ______.
interstitial, fluid lost, lymphatic system
43
Lymph:
- travels in ducts to nodes where macrophages engulf dead cells and bacteria
- lymph reenters the circulatory system through the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct (fuse with veins in the shoulder)
44
Respiratory media in humans: (2)
- Air: breathing air is easier and provides 20x more O2 than
- Water: requires greater efficiency
45
Respiratory surfaces in animals: (4 examples)
- Skin: frogs
- Gills: shark
- Trachea: grasshopper
- Lungs: raccoon
46
Gas exchange organs must have: (5)
- high surface area:volume ratio
- contact with circulatory system
- cannot have scales, exoskeleton, fur, etc.
- must be moist
- kept well ventilated
47
Gills in aquatic animals are...
outfoldings of the body with large surface area for gas exchange
48
Ventilation in fish: (2)
- moves the respiratory medium (water) over the respiratory surface (gills)
- accomplished by movement through water or pumping water over their gills
49
Fish gills use a countercurrent exchange where ____ flows in the _________ direction to _____ passing over the gills.
blood, opposite, water
50
Fish gills uptake...
more than 80% of the O2 dissolved in water that passes over the gills --> very efficient
51
Lungs:
- an infolding of the body surface
- size and complexity caries with an animals metabolic rate
52
The nasal cavity: (4)
- filters
- warms
- humidifies
- and samples odors of incoming air
53
Mucus and cilia:
line the epithelium of the respiratory tract and move particles up the pharynx
54
Gas exchange: (3)
- takes place in the alveoli (air sacs at the tips of bronchioles)
- CO2 crosses the epithelium of the capillary and goes into the air alveoli
- O2 crosses the epithelium through diffusion into the capillaries
55
Diaphragm function:
Contracts (moves down). When it contracts, lung volume increases. Creates negative pressure and air moves in.
56
Tidal Volume:
volume of air inhaled with each breath
57
Residual volume:
air remains in the lungs
58
COVID effects on lungs?
- travels down airways and can sometimes infect all the way down to the alveoli
- causes inflammation and swelling
- can lead to fluid build up in lungs --> pneumonia
- *alveoli can fill with mucous, no gas exchange occurring, cannot breath --> ventilator*
59
COVID effects on heart?
- COVID causes heart function to decrease (two possible reasons)
1. heart becomes inflamed
2. heart tissue becomes infected and damaged
