Chapter 31 (Module 2) Flashcards
Characteristics of Fungi (3)
- Multicellular
- Heterotrophs
- Nutrients are absorbed with enzymes
3 Relationships of Fungi in Ecology
Decomposers, Parasitic, and Mutualistic
2 Forms of Fungi bodies
- Multicellular filaments
- Single cell yeast
Parts of a mushroom:
TOP
- Cap
- Scales on cap
- Gills under cap
- Ring (Annulus)
- Stem (Stape)
- Cup (Volva)
- Mycelial threads
BOTTOM
What are Hyphae?
Strong cells that make up the fungal body with chitin in their cell walls. Keep plant from bursting from too much water pressure.
2 Types of Hyphae:
- Septa: Have organelles that can move cell to cell through the pores unique to the septa.
- Coenocytic fungi: hundreds or thousands of nuclei in a continuous cytoplasmic mass.
Mycelium:
Network of fungal hyphae that infiltrate a food source. The structure maximizes surface-to-volume ratio and makes absorption very efficient.
What are mycorrhizal fungi?
Specialized branching hyphae that are used to exchange nutrients with their plant hosts.
What are arbuscules?
Specialized hyphae that penetrate plant cell walls but not the cell membrane. (Mutualism with plants! ie O2 and nutrient exchange)
Vascular plants depend on…
Mycorrhizae
Spores of Fungi (4)
- Produced in asexual life cycle
- Haploid
- Dispersed by wind and water
- Need moisture and food to germinate
Asexual life cycle of fungi
- Plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm from 2 parent mycelia)
- Heterokaryotic state
- Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei)
- Diploid Zygote
- MEIOSIS (reductional nuclear division)
- Haploid Spores
- GERMINATION
- Mycelium
- ASEXUAL PATH
- Spore-producing structures
- Haploid Spores
- GERMINATION
- Mycelium again
- SEXUAL PATH ^
How do hyphae fuse in sexual reproduction?
Attraction/Adhesion –> Plasmogamy –> Karyogamy –> Zygote and Diploid cell produced
How quickly does karyogamy happen after plasmogamy?
Can be delayed for hours, days, or centuries.
End product of Meiosis:
Haploid spores
Asexual reproduction in yeast is done by…
the parent cell “pinching” off a small bud of cells. No spores.
Closest related kingdom to Fungi?
Animals
The most recent common ancestor between animals and fungi was a…(2)
unicellular and flagellated organism.
What suggests that fungi and early plants had a mutualistic relationship?
Fossil evidence that certain genes for mycorrhizal formation were present in early plants.
Group Chytrids: (3)
- Found in lakes, soil, and marine habitats.
- Include decomposers, parasites, and mutualists.
- May be partially responsible for amphibian decline globally.
Group Ascomycetes: (2)
- Live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats.
- Another name: Sac fungi or cup fungi.
Asci
Where spores are produced
Ascocarp
Fruiting body that is produced in sexual stag.
Group Basidiomycetes: Types of fungi (3)
- Mushrooms
- Puffballs
- Shelf Fungi
