Chapter 31 (Module 2)

Question 1

Characteristics of Fungi (3)

Answer 1

1. Multicellular
2. Heterotrophs
3. Nutrients are absorbed with enzymes

Question 2

3 Relationships of Fungi in Ecology

Answer 2

Decomposers, Parasitic, and Mutualistic

Question 3

2 Forms of Fungi bodies

Answer 3

• Multicellular filaments
• Single cell yeast

Question 4

Parts of a mushroom:

Answer 4

TOP
- Cap
- Scales on cap
- Gills under cap
- Ring (Annulus)
- Stem (Stape)
- Cup (Volva)
- Mycelial threads
BOTTOM

Question 5

What are Hyphae?

Answer 5

Strong cells that make up the fungal body with chitin in their cell walls. Keep plant from bursting from too much water pressure.

Question 6

2 Types of Hyphae:

Answer 6

• Septa: Have organelles that can move cell to cell through the pores unique to the septa.
• Coenocytic fungi: hundreds or thousands of nuclei in a continuous cytoplasmic mass.

Question 7

Mycelium:

Answer 7

Network of fungal hyphae that infiltrate a food source. The structure maximizes surface-to-volume ratio and makes absorption very efficient.

Question 8

What are mycorrhizal fungi?

Answer 8

Specialized branching hyphae that are used to exchange nutrients with their plant hosts.

Question 9

What are arbuscules?

Answer 9

Specialized hyphae that penetrate plant cell walls but not the cell membrane. (Mutualism with plants! ie O2 and nutrient exchange)

Question 10

Vascular plants depend on…

Answer 10

Mycorrhizae

Question 11

Spores of Fungi (4)

Answer 11

• Produced in asexual life cycle
• Haploid
• Dispersed by wind and water
• Need moisture and food to germinate

Question 12

Asexual life cycle of fungi

Answer 12

1. Plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm from 2 parent mycelia)
2. Heterokaryotic state
3. Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei)
4. Diploid Zygote
5. MEIOSIS (reductional nuclear division)
6. Haploid Spores
7. GERMINATION
8. Mycelium
9. ASEXUAL PATH
10. Spore-producing structures
11. Haploid Spores
12. GERMINATION
13. Mycelium again
14. SEXUAL PATH ^

Question 13

How do hyphae fuse in sexual reproduction?

Answer 13

Attraction/Adhesion –> Plasmogamy –> Karyogamy –> Zygote and Diploid cell produced

Question 14

How quickly does karyogamy happen after plasmogamy?

Answer 14

Can be delayed for hours, days, or centuries.

Question 15

End product of Meiosis:

Answer 15

Haploid spores

Question 16

Asexual reproduction in yeast is done by…

Answer 16

the parent cell “pinching” off a small bud of cells. No spores.

Question 17

Closest related kingdom to Fungi?

Answer 17

Animals

Question 18

The most recent common ancestor between animals and fungi was a…(2)

Answer 18

unicellular and flagellated organism.

Question 19

What suggests that fungi and early plants had a mutualistic relationship?

Answer 19

Fossil evidence that certain genes for mycorrhizal formation were present in early plants.

Question 20

Group Chytrids: (3)

Answer 20

• Found in lakes, soil, and marine habitats.
• Include decomposers, parasites, and mutualists.
• May be partially responsible for amphibian decline globally.

Question 21

Group Ascomycetes: (2)

Answer 21

• Live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats.
• Another name: Sac fungi or cup fungi.

Question 22

Asci

Answer 22

Where spores are produced

Question 23

Ascocarp

Answer 23

Fruiting body that is produced in sexual stag.

Question 24

Group Basidiomycetes: Types of fungi (3)

Answer 24

1. Mushrooms
2. Puffballs
3. Shelf Fungi

Question 25

The best fungi at decomposing wood

Answer 25

Basidiomycetes

Question 26

Basidia

Answer 26

Cells that contain sexual spores. Karyogamy and Meiosis take place here.

Question 27

Basidiomycetes common name:

Answer 27

Club fungus

Question 28

Decomposer example:

Answer 28

Decompose organic materials including cellulose and lignin

Question 29

Mutualist example:

Answer 29

Use oxygen from a plant but then provide nutrients.

Question 30

Parasite example:

Answer 30

Ascomycetes can take over insects and use the body as a host.