Chapter 43 (Module 4)

Question 1

Innate Immunity: (5)

Answer 1

• a few different general receptors (viruses, bacterium, and fungi)
• all animals have innate immunity
• it is present when you are born
• develops more rapidly
• includes barrier defenses (skin, shells, exoskeletons, etc.)

Question 2

Adaptive Immunity: (4)

Answer 2

• many receptors for specific parts of the proteins on viruses
• only vertebrates have adaptive and innate
• it develops after the innate response
• adaptive is slower

Question 3

Barrier defenses in Insects (Invertebrates): (3)

Answer 3

Barrier/Physical
- exoskeleton
- chitin in digestive tract
Barrier/Chemical
- Lysozyme breaks down bacterial cell walls in digestive system

Question 4

Cellular defenses in Insects (Invertebrates): (2)

Answer 4

if pathogens get through the 1st layer, the immune system produces proteins that recognize the pathogens

Question 5

Phagocytosis:

Answer 5

when an immune cell

Question 6

Phagocytic cell in insects:

Answer 6

Hemocytes

Question 7

Innate immunity defense against RNA viruses: (2)

Answer 7

• Host cells convert the single strand of RNS to a double strand
• There are not double stranded RNA segments in animals so it triggers self-defense

Question 8

Cellular innate immunity in Vertebrates: (4)

Answer 8

MAIN WBC
*Neutrophils
*Macrophages

OTHER
- Dendritic cells
- Eosinophils

Question 9

*Neutrophils:

Answer 9

phagocytic and circulating in blood all the time.

Question 10

*Macrophages:

Answer 10

either residing in organs and tissues or migrating through the blood.

Question 11

Dendrit cells:

Answer 11

stimulate development of adaptive immunity

Question 12

Eosinophils:

Answer 12

discharge destructive enzymes against parasites

Question 13

Phagocytic cells: (4)

Answer 13

*Main WBC
1. Neutrophils
2. Macrophages

Others
3. Dendrite cells
4. Eosinophils

Question 14

Natural killer cells: (3)

Answer 14

• Non-phagocytic
• circulate throughout the body and detect viruses, infected cells, and cancerous cells

Question 15

Mast cells: (4)

Answer 15

• Non-phagocytic
• Between skin and muscles
• Inflammatory response if pathogens break through a barrier

Question 16

How do pathogens get into the lymphatic system? (2)

Answer 16

• Pathogens enter lymph through interstitial fluid (excess fluid and pus from inflammation or infection)
• Lymphatic vessels then carry lymph to lymph nodes and lymphoid organs

Question 17

Streptococcus pneumoniae in the immune system:

Answer 17

• Causes pneumonia and meningitis in humans.
• Avoids destruction because the outer capsule interferes with molecular recognition and phagocytosis.

Question 18

Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the immune system:

Answer 18

• Causes tuberculosis (TB) (kills 1 million people per year)
• Can be recognized and engulfed by host cell but resists breakdown and grows and reproduces within the host cell

Question 19

2 types of lymphocytes in adaptive immunity:

Answer 19

• T cells: made in the thymus (lymphatic and endocrine system)
• B cells: made in bone marrow

Question 20

Antigens:

Answer 20

• substances that can elicit a response from a B or T cell, foreign, large molecules, proteins, or toxins secreted by pathogen

Question 21

Antigen Receptors:

Answer 21

• proteins on the B or T cells that bind to a specific part of one molecule of a pathogen. (millions of different antigen receptors)

Question 22

Epitope:

Answer 22

the part of the antigen that binds to the antigen receptor.

Question 23

B cells: (3)

Answer 23

• Binding of a B cell antigen receptor to an antigen activates cells that
• … produce more antigen receptors and secrete them (called antibodies)

Question 24

T cells:

Answer 24

• T cells bind only to antigen fragments displayed by host cell
• a T cell can then bind to the antigen fragment and the MHC molecule.

Question 25

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC):

Answer 25

• presents antigens to the T cell for recognition in the future
  ***
• aids in sexual selection in animals
• if similar, individuals may not have as much attraction

Question 26

Antibodies:

Answer 26

• or Immunoglobin (Ig)
• non-membrane bound
• same Y-shape as B cell antigen receptors

Question 27

Adaptive immune system: (4)

Answer 27

1. Diversity of lymphocytes and receptors
2. Self-tolerance
3. B and T cells proliferate after activation
4. Immunological memory