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Bio2 Lecture > Chapter 41 (Module 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 41 (Module 3) Flashcards

1
Q

3 things an animals diet should provide:

A
  • Chemical energy
  • Organic building blocks for macromolecules
  • Essential nutrients.
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2
Q

Essential nutrients: (4)

A
  1. Essential amino acids - proteins
  2. Essential fatty acids - cell membrane, enzymes, etc
  3. Vitamins - co-enzymes, blood cells, and antioxidants
  4. Minerals - diverse functions in physiology (iron, calcium)
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3
Q

How many amino acids do we need?

A
  • 20 but we synthesize 10
  • The last 10 we have to obtain in our diet from meat, eggs, cheese, etc.
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4
Q

Vitamins: (2)

A
  • 13 essential vitamins
  • Two kinds: fat-soluble and water soluable
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5
Q

Which one is “OK” and which one can be Toxic?

A

Water soluble vitamins in large amounts are OK. Fat soluble vitamins in large amounts can be toxic.

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6
Q

Minerals are…

A

inorganic nutrients that are usually required in small amounts

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7
Q

Mineral imbalances can…

A

upset homeostasis.

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8
Q

Examples of mineral imbalances and outcomes: (2)

A
  • Lack of iodine –> thyroid gland inflammation
  • Lack of sodium –> muscle cramps, reduced appetite
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9
Q

Malnutrition: (2 types)

A
  1. Deficiency
  2. Undernourishment
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10
Q

Deficiencies in essential nutrients can cause:

A

Deformities, disease, or death

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11
Q

Undernourishment (inadequate chemical energy) can cause:

A

Lose of muscle mass, used up stored fat and carbohydrate, or possible protein deficiency of the brain

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12
Q

Stages of Processing food: (4)

A

Indigestion: act of eating or feeding
Digestion: process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for absorption
Absorption: uptake of small molecules by cells
Elimination: undigested materials being sent out of digestive system

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13
Q

Four feeding mechanisms:(4)

A

Filter feeders: sift small food particles from water
Substrate feeders: live in or on their food (caterpillar)
Fluid feeders: suck nutrient-rich fluid from host
Bulk feeders: eat relatively large pieces of food

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14
Q

Function of digestive compartments?

A

Reduces chances of digesting self

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15
Q

Intracellular digestion is…

A

when animals (like sponges) pull food in and then use food vacuoles and cellular organelles with enzymes to breakdown food

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16
Q

Extracellular digestion:

A

breakdown of food in compartments and allows for larger pieces of food to be ingested

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17
Q

Gastrovascular Cavity uses _______. Those with this cavity often have _______ _____ _____.

A

Extracellular digestion, simple body plans

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18
Q

Animals with complex body plans have _______ _______ digestion.

A

Alimentary canal

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19
Q

Alimentary canal: (2)

A
  • Specialized regions carry out stepwise digestion
  • Digestive tube with 2 openings, mouth and anus
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20
Q

Mammalian digestive track: (7)

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx and Esophagus
  • Stomach
    (accessory organs: pancreas, liver, gallbladder)
  • Small Intestine
  • Large Intestine
  • Colon
  • Rectum
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21
Q

Oral Cavity:

A
  • Mechanical digestion with teeth
  • Chemical digestion with saliva from salivary glands
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22
Q

Saliva contains: (2)

A

Mucus and Amylase (for starch breakdown)

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23
Q

Tongue creates _____ which helps with __________.

A

Bolus, swallowing.

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24
Q

Pharynx is also called…

A

the throat.

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25
Q

Structures connected to pharynx are….

A

the esophagus and the trachea

26
Q

The Esophagus connects to the ______ and the _______ connects to the lungs.

A

stomach, trachea

27
Q

The Epiglottis:

A

Blocks entry to the trachea and guide bolus down esophagus

28
Q

Coughing is caused from…

A

the swallowing reflex failing and the food or liquid reaches the trachea.

29
Q

Peristalsis is:

A

involentary contration and relaxation that pushes food from the esophagus to the stomach.

30
Q

Sphincters: (ex.)

A

regulate the movement of material between compartments. (ex. Cardiac/Esophageal sphincter: between esophagus and stomach)

31
Q

Stomachs functions are:

A

storage of foods in liquid suspension and chemical digestion from gastric juices.

32
Q

The stomach protects itself with

A

a protective mucus layer to prevent digesting it’s own cells.

33
Q

Parietal cells release _____.

A

HCl, Hydrogen Chloride

34
Q

Chief cells release _____.

A

Pepsin

35
Q

What causes gastric ulcers?

A

H. pylori breaks down the protective mucus layer

36
Q

What causes reflux/heartburn?

A

Stomach acid coming up the esophagus again, irritating cells once the mucus layer is broken down.

37
Q

Small intestine:

A

longest compartment of the alimentary canal (named for small diameter)

38
Q

Sections of small intestine: (3)

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
39
Q

Most ________ digestion occurs in the small intestine as well as __________ of ________.

A

chemical, absorption, nutrients

40
Q

In the small intestine there are ridges covered with _______, that are covered with _______, to increase surface area.

A

Villi, Microvilli

41
Q

Pancreas: (4)

A
  • Secretes enzymes to digest
    i. protein
    ii. starch
    iii. fat
42
Q

The Liver:

A

produces bile.

43
Q

The Gallbladder:

A

stores and releases bile.

44
Q

Bile:

A

facilitates fat digestion and breaks down fat droplets into smaller ones.

45
Q

Large Intestine:

A

Absorbs water and electrolytes

46
Q

Cecum:

A

Aids in fermentation of plant material. Located where the small and large intestine meet.

47
Q

Appendix:

A

extension off cecum that plays minor role in immunity.

48
Q

Colon:

A

leads to the rectum and anus

49
Q

Rectum:

A

area before the anus that absorbs the rest of the moisture from fecal matter and further solidifies the waste.

50
Q

Dentition (teeth): (3 different diets)

A

Carnivores: large canines, all teeth pointed
Herbivores: Broad flat teeth for grinding cell walls
Rodents: Extremely long incisors for gnawing

51
Q

Carnivores stomach is ______ and ______ while a herbivores alimentary canal is often ______ due to the ______ _____ needed to ______ _____________.

A

large, expandable
longer, longer time, digest vegetation

52
Q

Microbiome:

A

mutualistic microorganisms living in the body

53
Q

Some mutualistic benefits of the microbiome: (3)

A
  1. Produce vitamins
  2. Regulate the development of intestinal epithelium
  3. Function in immune system
54
Q

Rabbit digestion adaptation:

A

Coprophagy: they pass food through their alimentary canal twice

55
Q

Ruminants digestion:

A

4 stomachs!
- Rumen: bacteria here, breaks cellulose down, providing ruminant glucose
- Reticulum: bacteria are housed and feed on the cellulose
REGURGITATES CHYME then it is returned to the
- Abomasum or the
- Omasum

56
Q

Microbiome in humans: (2)

A
  • more than 400 bacterial species
  • differences dependent on diet, disease, and age
57
Q

The endocrine system:

A

regulates digestion through hormones

58
Q

How does the body store energy? (2)

A
  • In the liver and muscle cells as glycogen
  • and as fat in adipose
59
Q

Describe glucose homeostasis:

A
  1. a carb dish meal raises insulin levels
  2. this triggers the synthesis of glycogen
  3. lower blood sugar then causes glucagon to stimulate glycogen breakdown then
  4. releases glucose
60
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  • caused by deficiency of insulin or decreased response to insulin in target tissue
  • cells are unable to take up enough glucose for metabolic needs
  • levels of glucose in the blood can get dangerously high
61
Q

What is T1D?

A
  • autonomic disorder of insulin or decrease response to insulin in target tissue
  • usually appears during childhood
  • treatment consists of insulin
62
Q

What is T2D?

A
  • when target cells fail to respond normally to insulin
  • usually occurs in adulthood and associated with excess body weight and lack of exercise
  • 90% of diabetes is Type 2, 7th most common cause of death in U.S.

Bio2 Lecture (13 decks)

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