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Bio2 Lecture > Chapter 41 (Module 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 41 (Module 3) Flashcards

1
Q

3 things an animals diet should provide:

A
  • Chemical energy
  • Organic building blocks for macromolecules
  • Essential nutrients.
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2
Q

Essential nutrients: (4)

A
  1. Essential amino acids - proteins
  2. Essential fatty acids - cell membrane, enzymes, etc
  3. Vitamins - co-enzymes, blood cells, and antioxidants
  4. Minerals - diverse functions in physiology (iron, calcium)
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3
Q

How many amino acids do we need?

A
  • 20 but we synthesize 10
  • The last 10 we have to obtain in our diet from meat, eggs, cheese, etc.
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4
Q

Vitamins: (2)

A
  • 13 essential vitamins
  • Two kinds: fat-soluble and water soluable
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5
Q

Which one is “OK” and which one can be Toxic?

A

Water soluble vitamins in large amounts are OK. Fat soluble vitamins in large amounts can be toxic.

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6
Q

Minerals are…

A

inorganic nutrients that are usually required in small amounts

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7
Q

Mineral imbalances can…

A

upset homeostasis.

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8
Q

Examples of mineral imbalances and outcomes: (2)

A
  • Lack of iodine –> thyroid gland inflammation
  • Lack of sodium –> muscle cramps, reduced appetite
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9
Q

Malnutrition: (2 types)

A
  1. Deficiency
  2. Undernourishment
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10
Q

Deficiencies in essential nutrients can cause:

A

Deformities, disease, or death

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11
Q

Undernourishment (inadequate chemical energy) can cause:

A

Lose of muscle mass, used up stored fat and carbohydrate, or possible protein deficiency of the brain

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12
Q

Stages of Processing food: (4)

A

Indigestion: act of eating or feeding
Digestion: process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for absorption
Absorption: uptake of small molecules by cells
Elimination: undigested materials being sent out of digestive system

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13
Q

Four feeding mechanisms:(4)

A

Filter feeders: sift small food particles from water
Substrate feeders: live in or on their food (caterpillar)
Fluid feeders: suck nutrient-rich fluid from host
Bulk feeders: eat relatively large pieces of food

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14
Q

Function of digestive compartments?

A

Reduces chances of digesting self

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15
Q

Intracellular digestion is…

A

when animals (like sponges) pull food in and then use food vacuoles and cellular organelles with enzymes to breakdown food

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16
Q

Extracellular digestion:

A

breakdown of food in compartments and allows for larger pieces of food to be ingested

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17
Q

Gastrovascular Cavity uses _______. Those with this cavity often have _______ _____ _____.

A

Extracellular digestion, simple body plans

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18
Q

Animals with complex body plans have _______ _______ digestion.

A

Alimentary canal

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19
Q

Alimentary canal: (2)

A
  • Specialized regions carry out stepwise digestion
  • Digestive tube with 2 openings, mouth and anus
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20
Q

Mammalian digestive track: (7)

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx and Esophagus
  • Stomach
    (accessory organs: pancreas, liver, gallbladder)
  • Small Intestine
  • Large Intestine
  • Colon
  • Rectum
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21
Q

Oral Cavity:

A
  • Mechanical digestion with teeth
  • Chemical digestion with saliva from salivary glands
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22
Q

Saliva contains: (2)

A

Mucus and Amylase (for starch breakdown)

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23
Q

Tongue creates _____ which helps with __________.

A

Bolus, swallowing.

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24
Q

Pharynx is also called…

A

the throat.

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25
Structures connected to pharynx are....
the esophagus and the trachea
26
The Esophagus connects to the ______ and the _______ connects to the lungs.
stomach, trachea
27
The Epiglottis:
Blocks entry to the trachea and guide bolus down esophagus
28
Coughing is caused from...
the swallowing reflex failing and the food or liquid reaches the trachea.
29
Peristalsis is:
involentary contration and relaxation that pushes food from the esophagus to the stomach.
30
Sphincters: (ex.)
regulate the movement of material between compartments. (ex. Cardiac/Esophageal sphincter: between esophagus and stomach)
31
Stomachs functions are:
storage of foods in liquid suspension and chemical digestion from gastric juices.
32
The stomach protects itself with
a protective mucus layer to prevent digesting it's own cells.
33
Parietal cells release _____.
HCl, Hydrogen Chloride
34
Chief cells release _____.
Pepsin
35
What causes gastric ulcers?
H. pylori breaks down the protective mucus layer
36
What causes reflux/heartburn?
Stomach acid coming up the esophagus again, irritating cells once the mucus layer is broken down.
37
Small intestine:
longest compartment of the alimentary canal (named for small diameter)
38
Sections of small intestine: (3)
- Duodenum - Jejunum - Ileum
39
Most ________ digestion occurs in the small intestine as well as __________ of ________.
chemical, absorption, nutrients
40
In the small intestine there are ridges covered with _______, that are covered with _______, to increase surface area.
Villi, Microvilli
41
Pancreas: (4)
- Secretes enzymes to digest i. protein ii. starch iii. fat
42
The Liver:
produces bile.
43
The Gallbladder:
stores and releases bile.
44
Bile:
facilitates fat digestion and breaks down fat droplets into smaller ones.
45
Large Intestine:
Absorbs water and electrolytes
46
Cecum:
Aids in fermentation of plant material. Located where the small and large intestine meet.
47
Appendix:
extension off cecum that plays minor role in immunity.
48
Colon:
leads to the rectum and anus
49
Rectum:
area before the anus that absorbs the rest of the moisture from fecal matter and further solidifies the waste.
50
Dentition (teeth): (3 different diets)
Carnivores: large canines, all teeth pointed Herbivores: Broad flat teeth for grinding cell walls Rodents: Extremely long incisors for gnawing
51
Carnivores stomach is ______ and ______ while a herbivores alimentary canal is often ______ due to the ______ _____ needed to ______ _____________.
large, expandable longer, longer time, digest vegetation
52
Microbiome:
mutualistic microorganisms living in the body
53
Some mutualistic benefits of the microbiome: (3)
1. Produce vitamins 2. Regulate the development of intestinal epithelium 3. Function in immune system
54
Rabbit digestion adaptation:
Coprophagy: they pass food through their alimentary canal twice
55
Ruminants digestion:
4 stomachs! - Rumen: bacteria here, breaks cellulose down, providing ruminant glucose - Reticulum: bacteria are housed and feed on the cellulose REGURGITATES CHYME then it is returned to the - Abomasum or the - Omasum
56
Microbiome in humans: (2)
- more than 400 bacterial species - differences dependent on diet, disease, and age
57
The endocrine system:
regulates digestion through hormones
58
How does the body store energy? (2)
- In the liver and muscle cells as glycogen - and as fat in adipose
59
Describe glucose homeostasis:
1. a carb dish meal raises insulin levels 2. this triggers the synthesis of glycogen 3. lower blood sugar then causes glucagon to stimulate glycogen breakdown then 4. releases glucose
60
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
- caused by deficiency of insulin or decreased response to insulin in target tissue - cells are unable to take up enough glucose for metabolic needs - levels of glucose in the blood can get dangerously high
61
What is T1D?
- autonomic disorder of insulin or decrease response to insulin in target tissue - usually appears during childhood - treatment consists of insulin
62
What is T2D?
- when target cells fail to respond normally to insulin - usually occurs in adulthood and associated with excess body weight and lack of exercise - 90% of diabetes is Type 2, 7th most common cause of death in U.S.

Bio2 Lecture (13 decks)

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