Chapter 44

Question 1

the control of solute concentrations and water gain and loss

Answer 1

osmoregulation

Question 2

the process by which the body gets rid of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products

Answer 2

excretion

Question 3

if water flows out of a cell the cell is _____ compared to the solution

Answer 3

hyperosmotic

Question 4

if water flows into the cell then the cell is _____ to the solution

Answer 4

hypoosmotic

Question 5

Osmoconformers are _____ with their surroundings

Answer 5

isoosmtic

Question 6

osmoregulators use energy to ….

Answer 6

control water uptake and loss in hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic environments

Question 7

sharks take in water by _____ … they do not drink

Answer 7

osmosis

Question 8

sharks urinate to get rid of ….

Answer 8

excess water and some of the salt that diffuses into their bodies

Question 9

animals that cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

Answer 9

stenohaline

Question 10

animals that can survive large fluctuations of external osmolarity

Answer 10

euryhaline

Question 11

when fish excrete salt ions from gills and perform osmotic water loss through gills they are ____ fish

Answer 11

marine

Question 12

when fish take up salt from the gills and perform osmotic water gain through gills they are ____ fish

Answer 12

freshwater

Question 13

some animals convert _____ to a less toxic compound prior to excretion

Answer 13

ammonia

Question 14

the ways in which animals excrete nitrogenous wastes:

Answer 14

ammonia, urea, uric acid

Question 15

the two functions of most excretory systems:

Answer 15

osmoregulation and removal of nitrogenous waste

Question 16

• filtration
• reabsoption
• secretion
• excretion

are all functions of ….

Answer 16

excretory systems

Question 17

water and solutes from circulatory fluid goes into a tubule across a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 17

filtration

Question 18

return of valuable substances to body fluids

Answer 18

reabsorption

Question 19

removal of harmful/excess substances to filtrate

Answer 19

secretion

Question 20

fitrate leaves the body

Answer 20

excretion

Question 21

a long tubule that conducts urine with each nephron of the kidney

Answer 21

loop of henle

Question 22

function of the loop of henle

Answer 22

recovery of water and sodium chloride from urine

Question 23

birds have ____ loops of henle than mammals do but they conserve water by excreting ____ instead of urea

Answer 23

shorter … uric acid

Question 24

some reptiles only have cortical nephrons but reabsorb water from wastes in the ___

Answer 24

cloaca

Question 25

reptiles excrete nitrogenous waste as ____ ____

Answer 25

uric acid

Question 26

freshwater fish conserve salt in their ___ ___ and excrete large volumes of very ____ urine

Answer 26

distal tubes … diluted

Question 27

amphibians conserve water on land by …..

Answer 27

reabsorbing water from the urinary baldder

Question 28

marine bony fishes have ___ and ___ nephrons than freshwater fishes and they lack a distal tubule

Answer 28

fewer… smaller

Question 29

a cluster of nerve endings that are around the end of a kidney tubule where waste products are filtered from the blood

Answer 29

glomeruli

Question 30

in marine bony fishes filtration rates are ____ and ____ urine is excreted

Answer 30

low… very little