Chapter 41

Question 1

_____ consume dead and decaying material

Answer 1

detritivores

Question 2

Essential amino acids _______ be made by the body

Answer 2

CAN NOT

Question 3

the required materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules

Answer 3

essential nutrients

Question 4

____ can be obtained from the diet and include some unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 4

essential fatty acids

Question 5

simple inorganic nutrients that are usually required only in small amounts

Answer 5

minerals

Question 6

organic molecules that are required in the diet in small amounts. 13 of these are essential for humans

Answer 6

vitamins

Question 7

Four main feeding mechanisms of animals

Answer 7

• filter feeding
• substrate feeding
• fluid feeding
• bulk feeding

Question 8

the process of breaking down food into molecules that are small enough to absorb

Answer 8

digestion

Question 9

the process by which bonds are split in molecules in chemical digestion

Answer 9

enzymatic hydrolysis

Question 10

the uptake of small molecules by body cells

Answer 10

absorption

Question 11

the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

Answer 11

elimination

Question 12

a method by which food particles are engulfed in intracellular digestion

Answer 12

phagocytosis

Question 13

___ contain food and fuse with ____ which contain enzymes

Answer 13

food vacuoles…lysosomes

Question 14

the breakdown of food particles outside of the cells

Answer 14

extracellular digestion

Question 15

where extracellular digestion occurs

Answer 15

compartments from the endodermal germ layer

Question 16

animals usually either have a _____ that functions in both digestion and in nutrient distribution, or a ____ which contains a complete digestive tract with mouth an anus

Answer 16

gastrovascular cavity….alimentary canal

Question 17

The following process is the digestion process within a _____

1) digestive enzymes are released from a gland cell
2) enzymes break food down into small particles
3) food particles are engulfed and digested in food vacuoles

Answer 17

Hydra

Question 18

in the esophagus food is pushed along from the pharynx to the stomach by ____

Answer 18

paristalsis

Question 19

valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments

Answer 19

sphincters

Question 20

the _____ stores food and processes it into a liquid suspension

Answer 20

stomach

Question 21

_______ cells secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the ____ cavity of the stomach

Answer 21

parietal…. lumen

Question 22

______ cells secrete inactive pepsinogen which is activated to ____ when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomic

Answer 22

chief …. pepsin

Question 23

ingested food + gastric juice =

Answer 23

chyme

Question 24

the pH of gastric juice is ____. This kills bacteria and denatures proteins

Answer 24

2

Question 25

gastric juice is made of _____ and _____

Answer 25

hydrochloric acid ... pepsin

Question 26

pepsin is a ____, which breaks peptide bonds to cleave proteins into smaller peptides

Answer 26

protease

Question 27

____ prevent chyme from entering the esophagus and regulate its entry into the small intestine

Answer 27

sphincters

Question 28

if the sphincter at the top of the stomach allows for chyme to move back to the lower end of the esophagus you get ____

Answer 28

heartburn

Question 29

the ____ intestine is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal

Answer 29

small

Question 30

the ____ produces the proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin which are activated in the _____

Answer 30

pancreas ... duodenum

Question 31

____ facilitate digestion of fats

Answer 31

bile salts

Question 32

Bile is made in the ____ and then stored in the ___

Answer 32

liver ... gallbladder

Question 33

absorption in the small intestine mainly occurs in the _____ and the _____

Answer 33

jejunum ... illium

Question 34

the small intestine has a large surface area due to ___ that are exposed to the intestinal lumen

Answer 34

villi

Question 35

the microvillar surface creates a brush border that increases the rate of ____

Answer 35

nutrient absorption

Question 36

the _____ _____ _____ carries nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver then to the heart

Answer 36

hepatic portal vein

Question 37

_____ cells absorb fattty acids and monoglycerides and then recombine them into ___

Answer 37

epithelial cells ... triglycerides

Question 38

fats that are coated with phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein form water soluble _____

Answer 38

chylomicrons

Question 39

chylomicrons are transported into a ____ which is a lymphatic vessel in each vilus

Answer 39

lacteal

Question 40

_______ _______ deliver chylomicron-containing lymph to large veins that return blood to the heart

Answer 40

lymphatic vessels

Question 41

parts of the large intestine

Answer 41

- caecum - aids in fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet - colon - completes the recovery of water - rectum

Question 42

Many _____ have large, expandable stomachs

Answer 42

carnivores

Question 43

____ and ____ have longer alimentary canals than ____ which reflects the longer time needed too digest their food a. herbivores b. carnivores c. omnivores

Answer 43

herbivores .... omnivores ..... carnivores

Question 44

______ ______ can regulate the development of the intestinal epithelium and the function of the innate immune system

Answer 44

intestinal bacteria

Question 45

gut bacteria secrete ____ that are similar to those that we produce that can affect our moods

Answer 45

neurotransmitters

Question 46

in humans energy is first stored in the ___ and ____ in the polymer glycogen

Answer 46

liver ... muscle cells

Question 47

excess energy is stored in ____ in the _____ cells

Answer 47

fat... adipose

Question 48

the two hormones that regulate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Answer 48

insulin and glucagon

Question 49

a carbohydrate-rich meal increases insulin levels which ______ ___ _____ ____ _____

Answer 49

triggers the synthesis of glycogen

Question 50

low blood sugar causes glucagon to ______ ____ _______ __ ______ and release glucose

Answer 50

stimulate the breakdown of glycogen

Question 51

the disease _____ _____ is caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin

Answer 51

diabetes mellitus

Question 52

hormones regulate long-terrm and short-terrm appetite by affecting a ______ ____ in the brain

Answer 52

satiety center

Question 53

a hormone that is secreted by the stomach wall which triggers the feeling of hunger

Answer 53

ghrelin

Question 54

the two hormones that are secreted by the small intestine after meals to suppress appetite

Answer 54

insulin and PYY

Question 55

a hormone that is produced by adipose tissue to suppress appetite and plays a role in regulating body fat levels

Answer 55

leptin