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Biology 102 > Chapter 41 > Flashcards

Chapter 41 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_____ consume dead and decaying material

A

detritivores

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2
Q

Essential amino acids _______ be made by the body

A

CAN NOT

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3
Q

the required materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules

A

essential nutrients

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4
Q

____ can be obtained from the diet and include some unsaturated fatty acids

A

essential fatty acids

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5
Q

simple inorganic nutrients that are usually required only in small amounts

A

minerals

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6
Q

organic molecules that are required in the diet in small amounts. 13 of these are essential for humans

A

vitamins

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7
Q

Four main feeding mechanisms of animals

A
  • filter feeding
  • substrate feeding
  • fluid feeding
  • bulk feeding
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8
Q

the process of breaking down food into molecules that are small enough to absorb

A

digestion

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9
Q

the process by which bonds are split in molecules in chemical digestion

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

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10
Q

the uptake of small molecules by body cells

A

absorption

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11
Q

the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

A

elimination

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12
Q

a method by which food particles are engulfed in intracellular digestion

A

phagocytosis

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13
Q

___ contain food and fuse with ____ which contain enzymes

A

food vacuoles…lysosomes

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14
Q

the breakdown of food particles outside of the cells

A

extracellular digestion

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15
Q

where extracellular digestion occurs

A

compartments from the endodermal germ layer

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16
Q

animals usually either have a _____ that functions in both digestion and in nutrient distribution, or a ____ which contains a complete digestive tract with mouth an anus

A

gastrovascular cavity….alimentary canal

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17
Q

The following process is the digestion process within a _____

1) digestive enzymes are released from a gland cell
2) enzymes break food down into small particles
3) food particles are engulfed and digested in food vacuoles

A

Hydra

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18
Q

in the esophagus food is pushed along from the pharynx to the stomach by ____

A

paristalsis

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19
Q

valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments

A

sphincters

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20
Q

the _____ stores food and processes it into a liquid suspension

A

stomach

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21
Q

_______ cells secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the ____ cavity of the stomach

A

parietal…. lumen

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22
Q

______ cells secrete inactive pepsinogen which is activated to ____ when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomic

A

chief …. pepsin

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23
Q

ingested food + gastric juice =

A

chyme

24
Q

the pH of gastric juice is ____. This kills bacteria and denatures proteins

A

2

25
Q

gastric juice is made of _____ and _____

A

hydrochloric acid … pepsin

26
Q

pepsin is a ____, which breaks peptide bonds to cleave proteins into smaller peptides

A

protease

27
Q

____ prevent chyme from entering the esophagus and regulate its entry into the small intestine

A

sphincters

28
Q

if the sphincter at the top of the stomach allows for chyme to move back to the lower end of the esophagus you get ____

A

heartburn

29
Q

the ____ intestine is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal

A

small

30
Q

the ____ produces the proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin which are activated in the _____

A

pancreas … duodenum

31
Q

____ facilitate digestion of fats

A

bile salts

32
Q

Bile is made in the ____ and then stored in the ___

A

liver … gallbladder

33
Q

absorption in the small intestine mainly occurs in the _____ and the _____

A

jejunum … illium

34
Q

the small intestine has a large surface area due to ___ that are exposed to the intestinal lumen

A

villi

35
Q

the microvillar surface creates a brush border that increases the rate of ____

A

nutrient absorption

36
Q

the _____ _____ _____ carries nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver then to the heart

A

hepatic portal vein

37
Q

_____ cells absorb fattty acids and monoglycerides and then recombine them into ___

A

epithelial cells … triglycerides

38
Q

fats that are coated with phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein form water soluble _____

A

chylomicrons

39
Q

chylomicrons are transported into a ____ which is a lymphatic vessel in each vilus

A

lacteal

40
Q

_______ _______ deliver chylomicron-containing lymph to large veins that return blood to the heart

A

lymphatic vessels

41
Q

parts of the large intestine

A
  • caecum - aids in fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet
  • colon - completes the recovery of water
  • rectum
42
Q

Many _____ have large, expandable stomachs

A

carnivores

43
Q

____ and ____ have longer alimentary canals than ____ which reflects the longer time needed too digest their food

a. herbivores
b. carnivores
c. omnivores

A

herbivores …. omnivores ….. carnivores

44
Q

______ ______ can regulate the development of the intestinal epithelium and the function of the innate immune system

A

intestinal bacteria

45
Q

gut bacteria secrete ____ that are similar to those that we produce that can affect our moods

A

neurotransmitters

46
Q

in humans energy is first stored in the ___ and ____ in the polymer glycogen

A

liver … muscle cells

47
Q

excess energy is stored in ____ in the _____ cells

A

fat… adipose

48
Q

the two hormones that regulate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

A

insulin and glucagon

49
Q

a carbohydrate-rich meal increases insulin levels which ______ ___ _____ ____ _____

A

triggers the synthesis of glycogen

50
Q

low blood sugar causes glucagon to ______ ____ _______ __ ______ and release glucose

A

stimulate the breakdown of glycogen

51
Q

the disease _____ _____ is caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin

A

diabetes mellitus

52
Q

hormones regulate long-terrm and short-terrm appetite by affecting a ______ ____ in the brain

A

satiety center

53
Q

a hormone that is secreted by the stomach wall which triggers the feeling of hunger

A

ghrelin

54
Q

the two hormones that are secreted by the small intestine after meals to suppress appetite

A

insulin and PYY

55
Q

a hormone that is produced by adipose tissue to suppress appetite and plays a role in regulating body fat levels

A

leptin

Biology 102 (10 decks)

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