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Biology 102 > Chapter 42 > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

gas exchange

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2
Q

the _______ _______ minimizes the diffusion distance in animals with many cell layers

A

circulatory system

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3
Q

in gills O2 diffuses from ___ to ____ and CO2 diffuses from ____ to ____

A

water … blood …. blood … water

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4
Q

parts of the circulatory system:

A
  • circulatory fluid
  • muscular pump (heart)
  • a set of interconnecting vessels
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5
Q

When the blood is not confined to vessels

A

open circulatory system

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6
Q

general body fluid in an open circulatory system is called _____

A

hemolymph

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7
Q

when the blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid

A

closed circulatory system

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8
Q

____ systems are more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells

A

closed

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9
Q

the closed circulatory system of vertebrates

A

cardiovascular system

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10
Q

three kinds of blood vessels in the cardiovascular system:

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
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11
Q

____ carry blood away from the heart to ____

A

arteries … capillaries

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12
Q

_____ ____ are networks of capillaries and are the sites of chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

A

capillary beds

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13
Q

____ converge into ____ and return blood from capillaries to the heart

A

venules … veins

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14
Q

blood enters the heart through an _____ and is pumped out through a _____

A

atrium … ventricle

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15
Q

in ____ circulation, blood leaving the heart passes through two capillary beds before returning

A

single

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16
Q

in _____ circulation the oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the herat

A

double

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17
Q

mammals and birds have a ____ -chambered heart

A

4

18
Q

the _____ side of the heart pumps and receives only oxygen-rich blood whereas the _____ side receives and pumps only oxygen-poor blood

A

left …. right

19
Q

the ____ ventricle pumps blood to the lungs

A

right

20
Q

oxygen-______ blood from the lungs enters the heart at the left atrium and is pumped through the aorta to the body tissues by the left ventricle

A

rich

21
Q

the _____ provides blood to the heart through the coronary arteries

A

aorta

22
Q

blood returns to the heart through the ____ ____ ___ and the ___ ____ ____

A

superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava

23
Q

the _____ have relatively thin walls and serve as collection chambers for blood that returns to the heart

A

atria

24
Q

the ____ have thicker walls and contract much more forcefully

A

ventricles

25
Q

the rhythmic cycle of the heart’s contractions

A

cardiac cycle

26
Q

contraction/pumping of the heart

A

systole

27
Q

relaxation/filling of the heart

A

diastole

28
Q

a gas diffuses from a region of ____ pressure to a region of ____ pressure

A

higher….lower

29
Q

fish gills use a ___________ system, where blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills; blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water that it meets

A

counter current exchange

30
Q

the _____ directs air to the lungs and food to the stomach

A

pharynx

31
Q

gas exchange occurs in the _____

A

alveoli

32
Q

oxygen diffuses through the ____ and into ____

A

epithelium….capillaries

33
Q

CO2 diffuses from the _____ across the ____ and into the air space

A

capillaries…epithelium

34
Q

How do frogs breathe?

A

positive pressure breathing - a method of ventilation for the lungs which forces are down the trachea

35
Q

How do birds breathe?

A

they have air sacs that function as bellows that keep air flowing through their lungs in one direction

36
Q

how to mammals breathe?

A

negative pressure breathing - a method of ventilation for the lungs that pulls air into the lungs as the lung volume increases and the diaphragm ccontracts

37
Q

inhalation is an ____ process; but exhalation is usually an ____ process

A

active …. passive

38
Q

the ____ ____ is the volume of air that is inhaled per breath

A

tidal volume

39
Q

the ____ _____ is the max tidal volume

A

vital capacity

40
Q

after exhalation a _____ _____ of air stays in the lungs

A

residual volume

Biology 102 (10 decks)

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