Chapter 42

Question 1

the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Answer 1

gas exchange

Question 2

the _______ _______ minimizes the diffusion distance in animals with many cell layers

Answer 2

circulatory system

Question 3

in gills O2 diffuses from ___ to ____ and CO2 diffuses from ____ to ____

Answer 3

water … blood …. blood … water

Question 4

parts of the circulatory system:

Answer 4

• circulatory fluid
• muscular pump (heart)
• a set of interconnecting vessels

Question 5

When the blood is not confined to vessels

Answer 5

open circulatory system

Question 6

general body fluid in an open circulatory system is called _____

Answer 6

hemolymph

Question 7

when the blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid

Answer 7

closed circulatory system

Question 8

____ systems are more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells

Answer 8

closed

Question 9

the closed circulatory system of vertebrates

Answer 9

cardiovascular system

Question 10

three kinds of blood vessels in the cardiovascular system:

Answer 10

• arteries
• veins
• capillaries

Question 11

____ carry blood away from the heart to ____

Answer 11

arteries … capillaries

Question 12

_____ ____ are networks of capillaries and are the sites of chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

Answer 12

capillary beds

Question 13

____ converge into ____ and return blood from capillaries to the heart

Answer 13

venules … veins

Question 14

blood enters the heart through an _____ and is pumped out through a _____

Answer 14

atrium … ventricle

Question 15

in ____ circulation, blood leaving the heart passes through two capillary beds before returning

Answer 15

single

Question 16

in _____ circulation the oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the herat

Answer 16

double

Question 17

mammals and birds have a ____ -chambered heart

Answer 17

4

Question 18

the _____ side of the heart pumps and receives only oxygen-rich blood whereas the _____ side receives and pumps only oxygen-poor blood

Answer 18

left …. right

Question 19

the ____ ventricle pumps blood to the lungs

Answer 19

right

Question 20

oxygen-______ blood from the lungs enters the heart at the left atrium and is pumped through the aorta to the body tissues by the left ventricle

Answer 20

rich

Question 21

the _____ provides blood to the heart through the coronary arteries

Answer 21

aorta

Question 22

blood returns to the heart through the ____ ____ ___ and the ___ ____ ____

Answer 22

superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava

Question 23

the _____ have relatively thin walls and serve as collection chambers for blood that returns to the heart

Answer 23

atria

Question 24

the ____ have thicker walls and contract much more forcefully

Answer 24

ventricles

Question 25

the rhythmic cycle of the heart's contractions

Answer 25

cardiac cycle

Question 26

contraction/pumping of the heart

Answer 26

systole

Question 27

relaxation/filling of the heart

Answer 27

diastole

Question 28

a gas diffuses from a region of ____ pressure to a region of ____ pressure

Answer 28

higher....lower

Question 29

fish gills use a ___________ system, where blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills; blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water that it meets

Answer 29

counter current exchange

Question 30

the _____ directs air to the lungs and food to the stomach

Answer 30

pharynx

Question 31

gas exchange occurs in the _____

Answer 31

alveoli

Question 32

oxygen diffuses through the ____ and into ____

Answer 32

epithelium....capillaries

Question 33

CO2 diffuses from the _____ across the ____ and into the air space

Answer 33

capillaries...epithelium

Question 34

How do frogs breathe?

Answer 34

positive pressure breathing - a method of ventilation for the lungs which forces are down the trachea

Question 35

How do birds breathe?

Answer 35

they have air sacs that function as bellows that keep air flowing through their lungs in one direction

Question 36

how to mammals breathe?

Answer 36

negative pressure breathing - a method of ventilation for the lungs that pulls air into the lungs as the lung volume increases and the diaphragm ccontracts

Question 37

inhalation is an ____ process; but exhalation is usually an ____ process

Answer 37

active .... passive

Question 38

the ____ ____ is the volume of air that is inhaled per breath

Answer 38

tidal volume

Question 39

the ____ _____ is the max tidal volume

Answer 39

vital capacity

Question 40

after exhalation a _____ _____ of air stays in the lungs

Answer 40

residual volume