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Genetics > Chapter 4.3: Mitosis: Cell Division that Reserves Chromosome Number > Flashcards

Chapter 4.3: Mitosis: Cell Division that Reserves Chromosome Number Flashcards

1
Q

In what phase of mitosis does  The now separated sister chromatids move to opposite poles?

A

anaphase

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2
Q

In what phase of mitosis does  Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate with sister chromatids facing opposite poles?

A

metaphase

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3
Q

What are kinetochore microtubules, or centrometric fibers?

A

• Microtubules that extend between a chromosome and the kinetochore of a chromatid

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4
Q

What is a structure in the centromere region of each chromatid that is specialized for conveyance?

A

kinetochore

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5
Q

In what phase of mitosis does  Chromosomes condense and become visible?

A

prophase

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6
Q

Describe Gap 1 phase

A

o Gap 1 (G1) is cell growth

 Lasts from the birth of a new cell to the onset of chromosome replication

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7
Q

Describe cytokinesis in plants

A

• in plants, a membrane enclosed disk, known as the cell plate, forms inside the cell near the equator and then grows rapidly outward, thereby dividing the cell in two

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8
Q

In what phase of mitosis does  Nuclear membranes and nucleoli re-form?

A

telophase

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9
Q

Describe chromatin

A

 Each convoluted thread of chromatin is composed mainly of DNA (which carries the genetic information) and protein (which serves as a scaffold for packaging and managing the information)

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10
Q

In what phase of mitosis does  Nuclear envelope breaks down?

A

prometaphase

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11
Q

Descibe cytokinesis of mitosis (1)

A

 The cytoplasm divides, splitting the elongated parent cell into two daughter cells with identical nuclei

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12
Q

In what phase of mitosis does  Spindle fibers disappear?

A

telophase

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13
Q

What is the nuclear division that apportions chromosomes in equal fashion to two daughter cells, is the cellular mechanism that preserves genetic information through all these generations of cells?

A

mitosis

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14
Q

In what phase of mitosis does  Microtubules from the centromeres invade the nucleus?

A

prometaphase

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15
Q

What is the kinetochore?

A

a structure in the centromere region of each chromatid that is specialized for conveyance

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16
Q

What are • Microtubules from each chromosome that are directed toward the middle of the cell?

A

polar microtubules

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17
Q

Where do microtubules come from?

A

 Microtubules radiate out into the cytoplasm from a single organizing center known as the centrosome, usually located near the nuclear envelope

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18
Q

Describe Synthesis (S) phase of mitosis

A

o Synthesis (S) is the time when the cell duplicates its genetic material by synthesizing DNA

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19
Q

What is a coenocyte?

A

 a multinucleate plant tissue

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20
Q

What forms the mitotic spindle?

A

kinetochore microtubules, polar microtubules, and astral microtubules

21
Q

In what phase of mitosis does  Nucleoli begin to disappear?

22
Q

What is o The repeating pattern of cell growth (an increase in size) followed by division?

A

cell cycle

23
Q

What is  an animal cell with 2 or more nuclei?

24
Q

What phase of mitosis is cell growth?

25
Q

Describe telophase of mitosis (3)

A

 Nuclear membranes and nucleoli re-form
 Spindle fibers disappear
 Chromosomes uncoil and become a tangle of chromatin

26
Q

When are the regulatory checkpoints during mitosis?

A

o After S phase
o After G2 phase
o After metaphase

27
Q

Describe metaphase of mitosis (1)

A

 Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate with sister chromatids facing opposite poles

28
Q

What are astral microtubules?

A

• Short astral microtubules extend out from the centrosome toward the cell’s periphery

29
Q

Describe cytokinesis in animals

A

• In animals, cytoplasmic division depends on a contractile ring that pinches the cell into two halves

30
Q

Where do the sister chromatids attach to microtubules at?

A

kinetochore

31
Q

In what phase of mitosis does  Centrosomes move apart toward opposite poles and generate new microtubules?

32
Q

What is  a multinucleate plant tissue?

33
Q

What is mitosis?

A

the nuclear division that apportions chromosomes in equal fashion to two daughter cells, is the cellular mechanism that preserves genetic information through all these generations of cells

34
Q

What are centrioles?

A

 In animal cells, the discernable core of each centrosome is a pair of small, darkly staining bodies called centrioles

35
Q

What is a synctium?

A

 an animal cell with 2 or more nuclei

36
Q

Describe Gap 2 phase of mitosis

A

o Gap 2 (G2) is the interval between chromosome duplication and the beginning of mitosis
 Cell may grow; also synthesizes proteins for mitosis

37
Q

In what phase of mitosis does  Centromeres divide?

38
Q

In what phase of mitosis does  Sister chromatids attach to microtubules from opposite centromeres?

A

prometaphase

39
Q

In what phase of mitosis does  The cytoplasm divides, splitting the elongated parent cell into two daughter cells with identical nuclei?

A

cytokinesis

40
Q

What are polar microtubules?

A

• Microtubules from each chromosome that are directed toward the middle of the cell

41
Q

Describe prophase of mitosis (3)

A

 Chromosomes condense and become visible
 Centrosomes move apart toward opposite poles and generate new microtubules
 Nucleoli begin to disappear

42
Q

Describe prometaphase of mitosis (3)

A

 Nuclear envelope breaks down
 Microtubules from the centromeres invade the nucleus
 Sister chromatids attach to microtubules from opposite centromeres

43
Q

What type of microtubules extend out from the centrosome toward the cell’s periphery?

A

astral microtubules

44
Q

Describe chromosomes

A

o Chromosomes resemble a mass of extremely fine tangled string—called chromatin—surrounded by the nuclear envelope

45
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleolus?

A

 Nucleolus (dark area of chromatin) plays a key role in the manufacture of ribosomes, organelles that function in protein synthesis

46
Q

In what phase of mitosis does  Chromosomes uncoil and become a tangle of chromatin?

47
Q

What are • Microtubules that extend between a chromosome and the kinetochore of a chromatid?

A

kinetochore microtubules

48
Q

Define cell cycle

A

o The repeating pattern of cell growth (an increase in size) followed by division

49
Q

Describe anaphase of mitosis (2)

A

 Centromeres divide

 The now separated sister chromatids move to opposite poles

Genetics (62 decks)

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