Chapter 2.2: Genetic Analysis According to Mendel Flashcards

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1
Q

How does a specific gene affect phenotype?

A

o A specific gene determines a specific enzyme whose activity may affect the phenotype in any number of ways depending on the biochemical pathway

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2
Q

What does Mendel’s Law of Segregation state?

A

 Mendel’s Law of Segregation: the two alleles for each trait separate (segregate) during gamete formation, and then unite at random, one from each parent at fertilization

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3
Q

What do monohybrid crosses reveal?

A

• Monohybrid Crosses Reveal Units of Inheritance and the Law of Segregation

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4
Q

What is an observable characteristic?

A

phenotype

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5
Q

What is an individual with a homozygous genotype?

A

homozygote

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6
Q

Define phenotype

A

an observable characteristic

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7
Q

What is a mating in which an individual showing the dominant phenotype is crossed with an individual expressing the recessive phenotype?

A

testcross

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8
Q

What is a dihybrid?

A

o A dihybrid individual is one that is heterozygous for 2 genes at the same time

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9
Q

How do alleles relate to encoding proteins?

A

o The dominant allele determines a normally functioning protein, while the recessive allele does not encode a functional protein

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10
Q

Define heterozygote

A

an individual with a heterozygous genotype

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11
Q

Define genotype

A

alleles present in an individual

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12
Q

What was the first filial (F1) generation in Mendel’s experiment?

A

 When crossed peas were all yellow; first filial (F1) generation

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13
Q

What is an individual with a heterozygous genotype?

A

heterozygote

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14
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

cross between single trait hybrids

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15
Q

Define gametes

A

the specialized cells—eggs within the ovules of the female parent and sperm cells within the pollen grains—that carry genes between generations

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16
Q

What are recombinant types?

A

o New phenotypic combinations in offspring are called recombinant types

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17
Q

What are individuals having two different alleles for a single trait?

A

monohybrids

18
Q

Define alleles

A

alternative forms of a single gene

19
Q

What is a branched-line diagram?

A

 A branched-line diagram shows all the possibilities for a gene in a sequence of columns

20
Q

What are the alleles present in an individual?

A

genotype

21
Q

Define monohybrids

A

individuals having two different alleles for a single trait

22
Q

Define punnett square

A

a simple and convenient method for tracking the kinds of gametes produced as well as all the possible combinations that might occur at fertilization

23
Q

Define homozygous

A

two of the same alleles for a trait

24
Q

What are alternative forms of a single gene?

A

alleles

25
Q

What reveals units of inheritance and the law of segregation?

A

monohybrid crosses

26
Q

What are the specialized cells—eggs within the ovules of the female parent and sperm cells within the pollen grains—that carry genes between generations?

A

gametes

27
Q

What is the product rule?

A

o The product rule states that the probability of 2 or more independent events occurring together is the product of the probabilities that each event will occur by itself

28
Q

What is the sum rule?

A

o The sum rule states that the probability of either of 2 such mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities

29
Q

What was the parental (P) generation in Mendel’s experiment?

A

o Mendel planted pure-breeding green and pure-breeding yellow peas and allowed them to grow into the parental (P) generation

30
Q

What are matings between the F1 progeny of pure-breeding parents that differed in 3 or more unrelated traits?

A

multihybrid cross

31
Q

Define homozygote

A

an individual with a homozygous genotype

32
Q

What is a cross between single trait hybrids?

A

monohybrid cross

33
Q

Define testcross

A

a mating in which an individual showing the dominant phenotype is crossed with an individual expressing the recessive phenotype

34
Q

What are two different alleles for a trait?

A

heterozygous

35
Q

What was the second filial (F2) generation in Mendel’s experiment?

A

 Resulted in 3:1 ratio of yellow to green; second filial (F2) generation

36
Q

Define heterozygous

A

two different alleles for a trait

37
Q

What are two of the same alleles for a trait?

A

homozygous

38
Q

What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?

A

 Law of Independent Assortment: During gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other

39
Q

Define multihybrid cross

A

matings between the F1 progeny of pure-breeding parents that differed in 3 or more unrelated traits

40
Q

What is a simple and convenient method for tracking the kinds of gametes produced as well as all the possible combinations that might occur at fertilization?

A

punnett square