Chapter 17.2: Uses of Transgenic Organisms

Question 1

Describe the process of cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Answer 1

 Scientists take the diploid nucleus of a somatic cell from one individual and insert into an egg cell whose own nucleus has been removed. After several days of growth, the researchers implant the manipulated embryo into the uterus of a surrogate mother. After the embryo develops to term, a cloned animal is born.

Question 2

What is the difference between the cloned animal and nuclear donor in terms of X chromosome inactivation?

Answer 2

• For female clones, the pattern of X chromosome inactivation in the clone and in the mother, will not be the same because the decision of which X to inactivate is made randomly in individual cells early in the animal’s development

Question 3

What is using somatic nuclei of transgenic adults to generate other animals with identical genomes?

Answer 3

reproductive cloning

Question 4

What is the difference between the cloned animal and nuclear donor in terms of mitochondrial genomes?

Answer 4

• The mitochondrial genomes of the clone come from the oocyte donor, not the nuclear donor

Question 5

Define vaccines

Answer 5

antigens of a disease-causing agent that stimulate an immune response to that particular foreign substance

Question 6

What are antigens of a disease-causing agent that stimulate an immune response to that particular foreign substance?

Answer 6

vaccines

Question 7

What is the difference between the cloned animal and nuclear donor in terms of uterine environment?

Answer 7

• The uterine environment in the surrogate is not exactly the same as in the womb of the donor’s mother

Question 8

Define pharming

Answer 8

 The use of transgenic animals and plants to produce protein drugs

Question 9

What are some uses of transgenic organisms?

Answer 9

• Transgenes Assign Genes to Phenotypes
• Transgenes Are Key Tools for Analyzing Gene Expression
• Transgenic Cells and Organisms Serves as Protein Factories
• GM Organisms Are Used Widely in Modern Agriculture
• Transgenic Animals Model Human Gain-of-Function Genetic Diseases

Question 10

What is the difference between the cloned animal and nuclear donor in terms of gene imprinting?

Answer 10

• The cloning procedure alters the process of gene imprinting, so the expression of imprinted genes is not identical in the somatic nuclear donor and the clone

Question 11

Define reproductive cloning

Answer 11

using somatic nuclei of transgenic adults to generate other animals with identical genomes

Question 12

What is  The use of transgenic animals and plants to produce protein drugs ?

Answer 12

pharming