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BIOL 1108 > Chapter 42 > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Flashcards

1
Q

The earliest branches of the animal phylogenic tree include…

A

sponges, cnidarians, ctenophores, placozoans

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2
Q

How many animals species are there?

A

1.5 million have been described; estimates 5-30+ million exist

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3
Q

Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia separately evolved from…

A

single-celled eukaryotes

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4
Q

Is Eukarya monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?

A

monophyletic

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5
Q

Is Animalia monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?

A

monophyletic

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6
Q

Choanoflagellates

A

protist; sister taxon relationship to animals

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7
Q

There are ___ phyla within Metazoa

A

35

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8
Q

______ are the most basal metazoans

A

sponges

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9
Q

Is the phylum Porifera monophyletic?

A

no

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10
Q

Metazoa is broken into two Subkingdoms of Animals:

A

Parazoa and Eumetazoa

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11
Q

Metazoan phylogeny is based in part on…

A

body plan and early development patterns

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12
Q

Parazoans have…

A

only cellular grade of complexity

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13
Q

Eumetazoa have…

A

at least a tissue grade of complexity

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14
Q

Do parazoans have a gut?

A

no

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15
Q

Do eumetazoans have a gut?

A

yes

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16
Q

Porifera

A

Sponges

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17
Q

choanocytes

A

flagellated cells in sponges that capture food; also called collar cells and are similar to choanoflagellates

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18
Q

Sponge skeletons are made of…

A

collagen and/or mineralized spicules

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19
Q

Sponges lack…

A

tissues and guts

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20
Q

Sponge habits include:

A

filter-feeding, sex, and a larval stage

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21
Q

Sponges are chemically _____

A

exotic; chemicals aid in competitive interactions + defend against predators

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22
Q

Sponge larvae are _______ that either drift to settle to stick to parent

A

blastulae

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23
Q

Are eumetazoans diploblastic or triploblastic

A

they are either

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24
Q

Are sponges diploblastic or triploblastic

A

have no tissue layers therefore not a eumetazoan

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25
Q

The ___ is formed with the second tissue layer, which first appears in the diploblastic animals

A

gut

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26
Q

diploblasts

A

have an ectoderm and endoderm with gelatinous material between

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27
Q

ectoderm

A

outermost tissue layer; forms the skin and nervous system

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28
Q

endoderm

A

innermost tissue layer; forms the gut and it is formed during gastrulation

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29
Q

Are Eumetazoa radially or bilaterally symmetric

A

could be either

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30
Q

radially symmetrical animals are usually…

A

attached to a surface or they float

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31
Q

Do radially symmetrical animals have a central nervous system?

A

no, they have a diffuse nerve net

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32
Q

Cnidarians

A

corals and jellyfish and their relatives

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33
Q

Characteristics of Cnidarians

A

diploblastic, radially symmetric, blind gut, a species can have a polyp stage or medusa or both, solitary or colonial

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34
Q

Cnidarians have tentacles with ______

A

cnidocytes or stinging cells

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35
Q

examples of cnidaria

A

hydra (polyps), coral, sea anemone, jellyfish (medusa)

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36
Q

Ctenophora

A

comb jelly

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37
Q

Characteristics of ctenophora

A

diploblastic, radially symmetric, predators, swim with cilia

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38
Q

bilaterians including protostomes and deuterostomes have…

A

bilateral symmetry and develop from 3 germ layers

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39
Q

two of the phyla of Ecdysozoa that make up most of the animals on Earth are…

A

Nematoda and Arthropoda

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40
Q

The _____ is part of the exoskeleton

A

cuticle

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41
Q

Ecdysozoans grow by…

A

ecdysis

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42
Q

Ecdysozoans are

A

protostome bilaterians

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43
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

unsegmented, move by undulation, estimated to be over 1 million species; some pest species and some parasites (ex. roundworm)

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44
Q

Phylum Tardigrada common name

A

water bears

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45
Q

Tardigrada characteristics

A

segmented body, lack jointed limbs, microscopic; live in mosses, soil, or bottom of lakes/ocean

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46
Q

Phylum Onychophora common name

A

velvet worms

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47
Q

Onychophora characteristics

A

Live in moist leaf little, prey on small invertebrates, segmented body, limbs are not jointed, catch prey by shooting sticky slime

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48
Q

Phylum Arthropoda characteristics

A

segmented, jointed appendages, cuticle is stiff (chitin); open circulatory system, several types of metamorphosis; higher level relationships

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49
Q

What are the 3 kinds of metamorphosis?

A

ametabolous, hemimetabolous, holometabolous

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50
Q

Ametabolous

A

young and adults wingless; only change in size (ex. silverfish)

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51
Q

Hemimetabolous

A

Young (nymphs) resemble adults (ex. grasshopper)

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52
Q

Holometabolous

A

Young (larvae) completely different from adults; pass through a sessile pupil stage (ex. butterfly)

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53
Q

ecdysis

A

molting of the cuticle

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54
Q

Characteristics of Subphylum Chelicerata, Class Arachnida

A

named for chelicerae near mouth, segmented body, joined limbs, 2 tagmata, NO metamorphosis (do molt)

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55
Q

Order Araneae common name

A

the Spiders

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56
Q

Order Opiliones common name

A

The Harvestmen

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57
Q

All species of Araneae have…

A

venom

58
Q

Order Opiliones mostly feed on…

A

dead organic material (plants); some predatory

59
Q

Opiliones form…

A

defensive swarms

60
Q

Class Arachnida, Order Solifugae common name

A

sun spiders (ex. camel spiders, wind scorpions, solifuges)

61
Q

Class Arachnida, Order Scorpiones characteristics

A

Good mothers, glow in UV

62
Q

Class Arachnida, Order Acari common names

A

mites ticks

63
Q

Class Arachnida, Order Acari characteristics

A

some ectoparasites (parasite that lives outside of its host), some detritivores

64
Q

Class Xiphosura common name

A

horseshoe crabs

65
Q

Class Xiphosura characteristics

A

mating is highly social + timed, glow in UV light

66
Q

Class Diplopoda common name

A

Millipedes

67
Q

Class Chilopoda common name

A

Centipedes

68
Q

Class diplopoda characteristics

A

2 pairs legs/ segments; detritovores

69
Q

Class chilopoda characteristics

A

1 pair legs/ segment; venom glands, predators

70
Q

Subphylum Crustacea characteristics

A

many have a carapace, a plate-section of exoskeleton that protects the cephalothorax; only arthropods with two pairs of antennae; compound eyes are often mounted on stalks; highly modified legs

71
Q

Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malacostraca includes

A

crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crayfish, and woodlice

72
Q

Subphylum Crustacea, Class Maxillopoda

A

barnacles, copepods

73
Q

Subphylum Hexapoda, Class Insecta

A

About 1 mill spp known, more than half of all known animals are insects; adaptations for life on land: exoskeleton, waxy coating, spiracles, wings; evolution with plants

74
Q

Class Insecta

A

3 tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen); 3 pairs of legs

75
Q

Order Coleoptera

A

Beetles

76
Q

Order Lepidoptera

A

butterflies and moths

77
Q

Order Diptera

A

Fly

78
Q

Order Hymenoptera

A

A large order of insects including sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants

79
Q

What are the four main groups of arthropods?

A

insects, chelicerates, myriapods, crustaceans

80
Q

What 2 groups make up the protostomes?

A

Lophotrochozoa and ecdysozoa

81
Q

lophophore

A

tentacle lined organ for filter feeding

82
Q

In which groups is the lophophore found

A

phoronida, bryozoa, brachiopoda

83
Q

trochophore

A

a ciliated larval form

84
Q

trochophore is found in which groups

A

Annelida, Mollusca

85
Q

Rotifera common name

A

‘wheel bearer’

86
Q

Rotifera characteristics

A

microscopic, pseudocoelomate

87
Q

phylum platyhelminthes common name

A

flat worms

88
Q

Platyhelminthes characteristics

A

dorsoventrally flattened, hermaphrodites, acoelomates, range of life styles

89
Q

Platyhelminthes: Trematoda

A

the “flukes”

90
Q

Characteristics of Trematoda

A

parasitic; unique larval stage; have an intermediate host to eventually reproduce in a definite host

91
Q

Platyhelminthes: Cestoda common name

A

tape worm

92
Q

characteristics of Cestoda

A

NO digestive tract; proglottids contain reproductive organs; numerous attachment structures; many vertebrate hosts

93
Q

Platyhelminthes are protostomes that lack…

A

a coelom and an anus

94
Q

Characteristics of the Phylum Annelida

A

Trochophore larva, coelomates, hydrostatic skeleton; closed circulatory system

95
Q

Annelida Oligochaeta common name

A

Earth worms (some marine worms)

96
Q

Oligochaeta characteristics

A

bundles of 4 setae on every segment; eat soil; hermaphrodites; cross fertilize; can breathe through skin

97
Q

Annelida: Polychaeta characteristics

A

most diverse annelids; live in oceans

98
Q

Annelid: Hirudinea common name

A

leech

99
Q

Hirudinea characteristics

A

parasitic and predatory; hermaphrodites

100
Q

Characteristics of Mollusca phylum

A

trochophore larva, coelomates, MANTLE!

101
Q

defining feature of Mollusca

A

mantle

102
Q

Mollusca: Gastropoda common name

A

snail

103
Q

gastropoda characteristics

A

gills and anus above head, muscular foot; radula- rasping tongue

104
Q

Mollusca Bivalvia characteristics

A

lost cephalization; use siphons for filter feeding

105
Q

mollusca: cephalopoda common name

A

octopus

106
Q

cephalopoda characteristics

A

foot divided into muscular tentacles, jet propulsion, display complex behavior, mimicry

107
Q

3 major phyla of deuterostomes

A

echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates

108
Q

Hemichordates

A

marine-dwelling bottom feeders or filter feeders

109
Q

Hermichordates are the sister group to…

A

echinodermata

110
Q

characteristics of hemichordates

A

pharyngeal slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord; not the same body plan as other deuterostomes; ex. acorn worms and pterobranches

111
Q

Echinoderms

A

sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, sea lilies

112
Q

Characteristics of echinoderms

A

deuterostomes, unsegmented, radial symmetry, endoskeleton, fluid-filled canals, tube feet

113
Q

echinoderm larvae…

A

bilaterally symmetrical

114
Q

echinoderm adult…

A

pentaradially symmetrical; no head, oral + aboral sides, moves in any direction

115
Q

Do echinoderms show segmentation?

A

No

116
Q

Tunicates and Lancelets are chordates without

A

backbone

117
Q

hagfishes and lampreys are vertebrates without

A

jaws (agnathans)

118
Q

most vertebrates have a…

A

bony cranium and vertebral column

119
Q

chordate characters

A

myotomes, post-anal tail, dorse nerve cord, pharyngeal slits

120
Q

What group in the vertebrate phylogeny do not have a vertebrae but did at one point?

A

hagfish (Myxini)

121
Q

Jawless vertebrates

A

hagfish and lampreys

122
Q

Class Myxini

A

hagfish

123
Q

Class Hyperoartia

A

Lamprey

124
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony Fish

125
Q

What is the most diverse group of all vertebrates?

A

osteichthyes

126
Q

Two main groups of bony fish

A

ray-finned fish and lobe/fleshy-finned fish

127
Q

Ray-finned fishes

A

paired fins are supported by internal skeletons; more diverse than other groups of vertebrates

128
Q

Lobe-finned/ Fleshy-finned fishes

A

bones in the fin bases extending out from the body; only 4 spp; rest are the tetrapods

129
Q

___ animal groups made transitions from water to land

A

11

130
Q

coelacanth and lungfish are sister group to ______

A

tetrapods

131
Q

Sauropsids

A

Amniotes

132
Q

Are reptiles amniotes?

A

Yes

133
Q

Reptilia include

A

turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, and birds

134
Q

Endotherms

A

use internal metabolic heat to sustain elevated and stable internal temps (more heat; less lost)

135
Q

Matrotrophy

A

direct nourishment of embryo by mother

136
Q

The mammals are…

A

amniotes with hair and skin glands

137
Q

Monotremes

A

mammals that lay eggs and make milk but do not have nipples

138
Q

Marsupials

A

mammals that have a placenta but give birth very early in development

139
Q

Eutherians

A

more complex placenta and are well developed at birth

140
Q

3 groups of mammals

A

monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians

BIOL 1108 (12 decks)

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