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BIOL 1108 > Chapter 33: Animal Form, Function, and Evolutionary History > Flashcards

Chapter 33: Animal Form, Function, and Evolutionary History Flashcards

1
Q

The life cycle of animals is dominated by the _______ stage

A

diploid

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2
Q

_______ gametes are made by meiosis in animals

A

haploid

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3
Q

Haploid gametes are made by _______ in animals

A

meiosis

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4
Q

Haploid gametes are made by ______ in plants and fungi

A

mitosis

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5
Q

What is the asexual reproduction used by bacteria and archaea?

A

binary fission

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6
Q

What is the asexual reproduction used by yeast?

A

budding

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7
Q

What is the asexual reproduction used by some molds, algae, worms, sea stars, and corals?

A

fragmentation

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8
Q

What is a type of asexual reproduction used by a lot of invertebrates and a few special vertebrates?

A

Parthenogenesis

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9
Q

How do organisms offset the fail rate during external fertilization?

A
  1. need lots of gametes 2. need to get sperm close to eggs
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10
Q

Internal fertilization is generally seen as an adaptation for being _____, with some exception

A

terrestrial

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11
Q

What are two types of symmetry in animals?

A

radial and bilateral symmetry

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12
Q

Radial symmetry

A

has many planes of symmetry around the axis

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13
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

has a single plane of symmetry; bilaterally symmetric animals have a distinct front and back, top and bottom, and right and left

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14
Q

diploblastic

A

describes animals in which the embryo has two germ layers, the endoderm and the ectoderm, from which the adult tissues develop

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15
Q

In cnidarians, do they have diploblastic or triploblastic germ cells?

A

diploblastic

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16
Q

triploblastic

A

Describes animals in which the embryo has three germ layers, with the mesoderm between the endoderm and ectoderm

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17
Q

In bilaterians, do they have diploblastic or triploblastic germ cells?

A

triploblastic

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18
Q

The evolution of the mesoderm in triploblasts allowed for…

A

the development of new types of tissues and organs (muscles and circulatory systems)

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19
Q

bilaterians animals are divided into two groups

A

the protostomes and the deuterostomes

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20
Q

Protostomes

A

A bilaterian in which the blastopore, the first opening to the internal cavity of the developing embryo, becomes the mouth. Includes: mollusks and arthropods (mouth then anus)

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21
Q

Deuterostomes

A

A bilaterian in which the blastopore, the first opening to the internal cavity of the developing embryo, becomes the anus. Includes: humans and other chordates (anus then mouth)

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22
Q

_____________ comparisons confirm that choanoflagellates are the closest protistan relatives of animals

A

Molecular sequences (DNA)

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23
Q

coelom

A

a body cavity surrounding the gut

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24
Q

The ______ cushions the internal organs against hard blows to the body and enables the body to turn without twisting these organs

A

coelom

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25
Q

Once molecular studies were conducted, researchers discovered that they did not support this traditional phylogenetic division of bilaterians into what 3 groups?

A

acoelomate, coelomate, and pseudocoelomate groups

26
Q

Acoelomates

A

do not have a cavity outside the digestive tract

27
Q

Coelomates and pseudocoelomates

A

both have a body cavity, but differ in the embryonic origin of the cells lining the cavity

28
Q

Amnion

A

more freedom from water for reproduction, the amnion, a membrane surrounding a fluid-filled cavity that allows the embryo to develop in a watery environment

29
Q

Development of all animals involves…

A

coordinated events from the molecules to the organism level

30
Q

Larva

A

a free-living stage; different in form than adult

31
Q

On a cellular level, there are changes in…

A

cell form, cell-cell communication and cell position

32
Q

Changes in________ are unique to animal development

A

cell position

33
Q

The cells of most animals are organized into 4 types of tissues:

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

34
Q

tissues

A

collections of cells that carry out a specific function

35
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

provides a lining for all of the spaces inside and outside the body (composed of closely packed cells)

36
Q

Connective Tissue

A

a type of animal tissue that underlies epithelial tissues and is found elsewhere as well; has an extensive extracellular matrix and few cells

37
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

made up of cells that are able to shorten or contract, resulting in movement

38
Q

True muscle tissue is present in ______ but not _______

A

bilaterians; cnidarians

39
Q

What 3 types of muscle tissue do vertebrate animals have?

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

40
Q

Nervous tissue

A

found in the nerve nets of cnidarians and in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves of vertebrates; it takes in sensory info from the environment, processes it, and sends signals to target organs to elicit a response

41
Q

In ______, multiple tissues can combine to make an organ

A

bilaterians

42
Q

Cnidarians have a set of nerves called a…

A

nerve net (their nerves are not organized into a brain or CNS)

43
Q

How do cnidarians exchange gases?

A

by diffusion (rather than by using lungs or gills)

44
Q

How do cnidarians digest food?

A

in a central cavity with a single opening for both eating and excretion

45
Q

Mollusks, arthropods, mammals, and other bilaterians have…

A

true organs (made up of one or more types of tissue)

46
Q

Homeostasis is a…

A

negative feedback loop

47
Q

Negative feedback

A

a stimulus acts on a sensor that communicates with an effector, producing a response that opposes the initial stimulus.

48
Q

Nerve cells in the ______ act as the body’s thermostat or sensor

A

hypothalamus

49
Q

What is a set point in homeostasis?

A

a steady-state value in homeostatic regulation

50
Q

Ediacaran fossils

A

simple shaped, fluid-filled, without identifiable mouths or other organs; may have formed colonies (forming complexity through colonial growth and differentiation)

51
Q

When on Earth did the atmosphere and oceans come to contain sufficient amounts of oxygen to support the metabolism of large, active animals?

A

During the Ediacaran Period

52
Q

The animal body plans we see today emerged during the…

A

Cambrian Period

53
Q

Cambrian fossils

A

commonly include skeletons made of the minerals silica, calcium carbonate, and calcium phosphate, and they record the presence of arthropods, echinoderms, mollusks, brachiopods, and other bilaterian animals in the oceans

54
Q

___________ have changed the trajectory of animal evolution during the past 500 million years

A

Five mass extinctions

55
Q

If we were to walk on an Ordovician beach, the shells washing about your feet would have belonged to…

A

brachiopods

56
Q

Why as the Ordovician world so distinct form our own?

A

At the end of the Permian period, a mass extinction eliminated most genera in the oceans

57
Q

When did animals begin to colonize the land?

A

420 million years ago

58
Q

Did animals move to land before or after plants?

A

after

59
Q

During what period did land animals arise?

A

The Silurian Period (420 mya)

60
Q

Cope’s rule

A

suggests that there is a trend through time toward increasing size among animals

61
Q

Who are the deuterostomes?

A

chordates and echinoderms

62
Q

Who are the protostomes?

A

nematode, arthropods, mollusks, annelid worms, flat worms

BIOL 1108 (12 decks)

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