Chapter 40: Patients with Special Challenges Flashcards
sensory impairment
hearing, vision, speech
hearing impairment
loss or diminishment in the person’s ability to hear sounds
deafness
inability to hear
3 ways to lose vision
disease, injury, degenerative disorders
diabetic retinopathy
from diabetes mellitus, long term disease effects cause damage to small blood vessels of eye
four basic types of speech impairments
articulation disorders, voice production disorders, language disorders, fluency disorders
dysarthria
articulation disorders caused by impairment of the tongue or other muscles needed for speech, patient cannot pronounce words correctly
birth defects
conditions that interfere with how a body part or system operates, present at birth
autism/autism spectrum disorder
range or neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impaired social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior, due to genetic and environmental fators
cerebral palsy
umbrella term for motor impairments that result from brain abnormalities that arise early in development
paraplegic
paralysis from waist down
quadriplegic
paralyzed in all four extremities
bariatrics
branch of medicine that deals with the management of obese patients
factors contributing to homelesness
- poverty
- substance abuse
- lack of affordable housing
- mental illness
- prison release back into society
- domestic violence
- mortgage foreclosures and forced evictions
- natural disaster
human trafficking
form of modern day slavery, traffickers use force, fraud or coercions to control victims for the purposes of engaging in commercial sex acts or labor services against their will
sex trafficking
recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, obtaining, patronizing, or soliciting of a person for the purposes of a commercial sex act in which the commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has bot attained 18 years of age
labor trafficking
recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, obtaining, patronizing, or soliciting of a person for labor or services, using force, fraud, or coercion for the purposes of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery
domestic violence
physical violence between two people in an intimate relationship
physical abuse
use of physical force to cause injury
verbal abuse
the use of derogatory terms to reduce the victim’s self esteem
emotional or psychological abuse
threats and degrading behavior against the victim to create emotional and psychological trauma
sexual abuse
any type of sexual activity with the victim without her consent
spiritual abuse
the victim is not permitted to practice her religion or the religion of her choice
financial or material abuse
the victim is controlled by restricting their financial independence or access to money or ability to acquire material items such as clothing, medications, and food
cycle of violence: phase 1
tension between victim and abuser increases, victim tries to please abuser
cycle of violence: phase 2
violence occurs on a regular basis with increasing frequency and severity
cycle of violence: phase 3
“honeymoon” phase, abuser apologizes and buys gifts, etc
3 types of oxygen sources
- oxygen cylinder
- oxygen concentrator
- liquid oxygen
apnea monitor
constantly monitors patient breathing, emits warning signal if breathing ceases
tracheostomy
performed when the patient needs a new airway, surgical opening in neck into trachea that provides an alternate air route
stoma
permanent tracheostomy opening
cpap (continuous positive airway pressure) and bipap (bilevel positive airway pressure)
provide therapeutic back-pressure during respiration via an airway circuit attached to a mask that covers mouth and/or nose
high-pressure alarm
when the pressure needed to cause lung inflation exceeds the present value
low-pressure alarm
when the tidal volume falls 50-100mL below set volume
apnea alarm
when the patient stops breathing
low FiO2
when oxygen source is disconnected or depleted
vascular access device
medical device used when a patient needs ongoing intravenous medications
central intravenous catheter
placed while patient is in hospital, designed to deliver medications into the central circulation of body, usually long thin tube inserted into arm vein or neck vein
central venous line
proximal port secured to anterior chest just below clavicle
surgically implanted medication delivery devices / totally implantable venous access system
surgically placed beneath skin, outside rib cage, usually upper right chest
ventricular assist device (VAD)
assists the pump function of the ventricles, most often assists the left, 3 parts: pump, electronic controller, batteries
vagus nerve stimulator (VNS)
implanted device for seizure disorders, implanted under skin in chest wall
acute renal failure (ARF)
when there is a rapid loss of renal function that results in decreased filtering, poor urine production, electrolyte disturbance, and fluid balance disturbance
chronic renal failure (CRF) or chronic kidney disease (CKD)
when there is a progressive loss of kidney function over a period of months to years
dialysis
medical procedure designed to support he lost function of the kidneys, removes the buildup of toxins
hemodialysis
type of dialysis in which blood is extracted from the body and sent through a dialyzer
peritoneal dialysis
int he home or the extended care facility, dialysate fluid introduced into a port that leads into peritoneal cavity
dialysis shunt
generic term, one of three different ways to join the arterial and venous systems together so that needlesticks do less damage
AV shunt
short-term hemodyalisys patients
AV fistula/AV graft
for long term dialysis patients
enteral feeding
nourishment from feeding tubes
gastrostomy
procedure that places a gastric tube into the abdomen
ostomy bag
pouch or bag attached outside body that receives feces
urinary catheter
diverts urine out of the bladder
hydrocephalus
accumulation of excessive CSF
intraventricular shunt
long, hollow tubelike device that is surgically placed to drain excess CSF
terminally ill
disease process that is realistically expected to result in death
palliative care
medical interventions centered on reducing the severity of disease symptoms and providing patient comfort
hospice
the philosophy of care that is aimed at providing palliation of symptoms for patients and support for families
