Chapter 30: Musculoskeletal Trauma and Nontraumatic Fractures

Question 1

tendons

Answer 1

connect muscle to bone

Question 2

ligaments

Answer 2

connect bone to bone

Question 3

cartilage

Answer 3

an extension of the bond end, composed of connective tissue, smooth, strong, flexible, compressible, slippery substance found at the point of articulation of two bones, allows them to ride over each other during movement with little friction

Question 4

flexion

Answer 4

bending motion, moves extremity towards body

Question 5

extension

Answer 5

bending motion, moves extremity away from body

Question 6

adduction

Answer 6

movement of a body part toward the midline of the body

Question 7

abduction

Answer 7

movement of a body part away from the midline of the body

Question 8

rotation

Answer 8

turns the body along the axis of a bone or joint

Question 9

circumduction

Answer 9

movement through an arc of a circle or in a circular motion from a central point

Question 10

appendicular skeletal system

Answer 10

the bones in the extremities including the shoulder girdle and pelvis

Question 11

upper extremity

Answer 11

shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, hand.
- clavicle
- scapula
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpal bones
- metacarpals
- phalanges

Question 12

lower extremity

Answer 12

pelvis, thigh, leg, foot.
- pelvis
- femur
- patella
- tibia
- fibula
- calcaneus
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges

Question 13

fracture

Answer 13

a break in the continuity of a bone

Question 14

open fracture

Answer 14

a fracture with an associated open wound

Question 15

closed fracture

Answer 15

fracture with no break in the skin

Question 16

signs and symptoms of fracture

Answer 16

• pain
• tenderness
• deformity
• discoloration
• tingling/abnormal sensation (paresthesia) distal to fracture site
• anesthesia (loss of feeling) distal to fracture site
• paresis (weakness)
• paralysis
• inability to move the extremity
• decreased pulse amplitude, increased capillary refill time, paresthesia, pale cool skin distal to fracture site

Question 17

hairline fracture

Answer 17

small crack in bone, doesn’t create instability

Question 18

osteoporosis

Answer 18

degenerative bone disorder, accelerated loss of minerals (calcium) from the bone, making them weak and susceptible to fracture

Question 19

strain

Answer 19

injury to a muscle or a muscle and tendon, usually from overextension or overstretching

Question 20

sprain

Answer 20

injury to a joint capsule, damage to/tearing of the connective tissue, usually involves ligametns

Question 21

dislocation

Answer 21

displacement of a bone from its normal position in a joint

Question 22

direct force

Answer 22

a direct blow, injury occurs at the point of impact

Question 23

indirect force

Answer 23

the force impacts on one end of a limb, causing injury some distance away from the point of impact

Question 24

twisting force

Answer 24

one part of extremity remains stationary while the rest twists

Question 25

critical fractures

Answer 25

femur or pelvic fractures

Question 26

crepitus

Answer 26

the sound or feeling of broking fragments of bone grinding against each other

Question 27

evaluate the 6 Ps

Answer 27

• Pain
• Pallor
• Paralysis
• Paresthesia
• Pressure
• Pulses

Question 28

emergency medical care for bone injuries

Answer 28

1. take necessary spine motion restriction precautions
2. assess and maintain adequate oxygenation
3. splint bone and joint injuries
4. apply cold packs
5. elevate extremity if possible

Question 29

splint

Answer 29

any device used to immobilize a body part

Question 30

general rules of splinting

Answer 30

IN BOOK pg. 907

Question 31

PMS

Answer 31

Pulse, Motor, Sensation - assess before and after splint is applied

Question 32

rigid splint

Answer 32

commercially manufactured, made from wood, plastic, cardboard, compressed wood fibers

Question 33

pressure (air or pneumatic) splints

Answer 33

soft, pliable before inflated, rigid after applied and filled with air

Question 34

traction splints

Answer 34

provide a counterpull, not intended to correct fracture, but they immobilize bone ends, reduce diameter of thigh, prevent further injury

Question 35

formable splints

Answer 35

type of rigid splint that is malleable enough to conform to a a deformed or angulated extremity

Question 36

vacuum splints

Answer 36

soft, pliable splints that are easily formed to deformed extremities, air is sucked out which makes it rigid, a type of formable splint

Question 37

sling and swathe

Answer 37

to provide stability to a painful shoulder, elbow, upper humerus injury. sling = triangular bandage, supports patients arm. swathe = holds patients arm against side of chest

Question 38

spine board or full body vacuum mattress

Answer 38

a full body splint, in case of critical injury, not ideal

Question 39

vest-type immobilization device

Answer 39

sometimes used to splint a suspected pelvis injury when turned upside down

Question 40

improvised splints

Answer 40

should be lightweight but firm and rigid, as wide as the thickest part of the fractured limb, long enough to extend past the joints and prevent movement, padded well

Question 41

hazards of improper splinting

Answer 41

IN BOOK pg. 911

Question 42

compartment syndrome

Answer 42

pressure in the space around the capillaries cut off blood flow and cells become hypoxic

Question 43

nontraumatic fracture

Answer 43

pathologic fracture, results from a disease that causes degeneration and dramatic weakening of the bone, making it prone to fracture