Chapter 4 - Second Half

Question 0

Imprinting

Answer 0

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

Question 1

Critical Period

Answer 1

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.

Question 2

Basic Trust

Answer 2

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsible caregivers.

Question 3

Self-concept

Answer 3

A sense of one’s identity and personal worth.

Question 4

Authoritarian Parents

Answer 4

Impose rules and expect obedience.

Question 5

Permissive Parents

Answer 5

Submit to their children’s desires, make few demands, and use little punishment.

Question 6

Authoritative Parents

Answer 6

Both demanding and responsive. They exert control not only by setting rules and enforcing them but also by explaining the reasons, and encouraging open discussion and allow exceptions when making rules.

Question 7

Adolescence

Answer 7

The transition from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Question 8

Puberty

Answer 8

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Question 9

Primary Sex Characteristics

Answer 9

The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible.

Question 10

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Answer 10

Non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Question 11

Menarche

Answer 11

The first menstrual period.

Question 12

Preconventional Morality

Answer 12

Before age 9, most children have a pre-conventional morality of self-interest: they either obey to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.

Question 13

Conventional Morality

Answer 13

By early adolescence, morality usually evolves to a more conventional level that cares for others and upholds laws and social rules simply because they are the laws and rules.

Question 14

Postconventional Morality

Answer 14

Some of those who develop the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought may come to a third level. Post-conventional morality affirms people’s agreed upon rights or follows what one personally perceives as basic ethical principles.

Question 15

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 15

Sought to describe the development of moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong.

Question 16

Erik Erikson

Answer 16

Contended that each stage of life had its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution.

Question 17

Identity

Answer 17

One’s sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

Question 18

Intimacy

Answer 18

In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

Question 19

Menopause

Answer 19

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

Question 20

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 20

A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, and, finally, physical functioning.

Question 21

Cross-sectional Study

Answer 21

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

Question 22

Longitudinal Study

Answer 22

Research in which the same people are studied and retested over a long period.

Question 23

Crystallized Intelligence

Answer 23

One’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

Question 24

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 24

One’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age.

Question 25

Social Clock

Answer 25

The culturally timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.