Chapter 10 - Vocabulary

Question 0

Concept

Answer 0

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

The mental activities associated with thinking, remembering, and communicating.

Question 2

Prototype

Answer 2

A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category.

Question 3

Algorithm

Answer 3

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone - use of heuristics.

Question 4

Heuristic

Answer 4

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.

Question 5

Insight

Answer 5

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

Question 6

Confirmation Bias

Answer 6

A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.

Question 7

Fixation

Answer 7

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.

Question 8

Mental Set

Answer 8

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Question 9

Functional Fixedness

Answer 9

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

Question 10

Representative Heuristic

Answer 10

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.

Question 11

Availability Heuristic

Answer 11

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.

Question 12

Overconfidence

Answer 12

The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgements.

Question 13

Framing

Answer 13

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.

Question 14

Belief Bias

Answer 14

The tendency for one’s pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or making valid conclusions seem invalid.

Question 15

Belief Perseverance

Answer 15

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.o

Question 16

Babbling Stage

Answer 16

Beginning at 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to household language.

Question 17

One Word Stage

Answer 17

The stage in speech development, from age 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

Question 18

Two Word Stage

Answer 18

Beginning at age 2, the two word stage is the stage of speech development in which a child mostly speaks two word statements.

Question 19

Telegraphic Stage

Answer 19

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words. (Example: Go car.)

Question 20

Linguistic Determinism

Answer 20

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.

Question 21

Language

Answer 21

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Question 22

Phoneme

Answer 22

In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Question 23

Morpheme

Answer 23

The smallest unit that carries meaning. It may be a word or a part of a word.

Question 24

Grammar

Answer 24

A system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

Question 25

Semantics

Answer 25

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.

Question 26

Syntax

Answer 26

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

Question 27

Noam Chomsky

Answer 27

A major figure in the study of language development.