Chapter 4: Respiratory System Flashcards
upper respiratory tract
nose, septum, pharynx, larynx, trachea
lower respiratory tract
lungs, alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, diaphragm
cilia in nose
sweep foreign materials towards throats for elimination
pharynx
passageway for air from nose and food from mouth, connects to larynx
larynx
makes vocal sounds possible
trachea
windpipe that splits into bronchii
bronchii
lead to lungs
right lung vs. left lung
right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has 2 lobes
bronchi enters into lung and then
divides into bronchioles
bronchioles terminate at
alveoli
alveoli
air sacs at lungs that allow ventilation
diaphragm
contracts and descends to aide in breathing
inhalation
inspiration
nas/o and rhin/o
nose
tonsill/p
tonsils
adenoid/o
adenoid
pharyng/o
pharynx
laryng/o
larynx
trache/o
trachea
pneum/o and pneumon/o
air, lung
pulmon/o
lung
bronch/o and bronchi/o
bronchus
bronchiol/o
bronchioles
thorac/o
chest
phren/o
diaphragm
-ectasis
dilation, expansion
-osmia
smell
-pnea
breathing
-plegia
paralysis
swallowing air
aer/o/plagia
sleep apnea
breathing stops during sleep; associated with obesity, hypertension
obstructive sleep apnea
air unable to flow in or out of upper respiratory tract
central sleep apnea
brain does not send proper signals to muscles that control breathing
causes of obstructive sleep apnea
airway obstruction from soft palate; excess neck tissue; tonsil enlargment
sleep apnea in premature infants
CNS fails to maintain consistent respiratory rate
treatment of sleep apnea
weight loss; tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPP); CPAP
lung cancer signs and symptoms
early is difficult to detect; smoker’s cough, wheezing, chest pain, dyspnea, hemoptysis
risk factors for lung cancer
chemical exposure, smoking, secon-hand smoke
treatment for lung cnacer
surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
definitive diagnosis of treatment
chest x-ray, sputum cytology test, bronchoscopy
wedge resection
excision of small portion of lung and healthy surrounding tissue
segmented resection
excision of portion of lobe of lung (segmentectomy)
lobectomy
excision of one lobe of lungs
pneumonectomy
excision of a lung of portion of the lung
upper airway obstruction symptoms
cyanosis of skin, difficulty breathing, choking, confusion, panic, unconsciousness
treatment of upper airway obstruction
laryngoscope, bronchoscope, endotracheal or nasotracheal tube, tracheostomy
pneumothorax
increased air pressure on affected side causes mediastinal shift to unaffected side - shortness of breath, chest pain, hypotension
treatment of pneumothorax
fowler or semi-fowler position, oxygen provided; thoracostomy
bronchiectasis
widening and destruction of large airways or bronchi, usually in lower portions of lungs
bronchiectasis symptoms
chronic cough, foul-smelling sputum; hemoptysis, dysapnea, wheezing, fever, malaise, halitosis
bronchiectasis
control of infections and bronchial secretions; relieve airway obstruction
pulmonary embolism
blood clot (embolism) lodges in and blocks an artery in the lung vessels
pulmonary embolism symptoms
cough, chest pain, fever; dysapnea, tachypnea (rate of 20 breaths/min), hemoptysis; cyanosis, shock, death
treatment for pulmonary embolism
oxygen therapy and anticoagulant, thrombolytic drugs
empyema
pus in body cavity
pyothorax
pus in pleural cavity
emphysema
chronic disease - overexpansion and destruction of alveoli - associated with cigarette smoking
epistaxis
bleeding from nose; rhinorrhagia
ischemia
inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to a body part due to interruption of blood flow
rhonchi
abnormal repiratory soung resembling snoring; blockage in larger airways
tubercle
small lesions that appear in the lungs when a person is infected with TB
bronchoscopy
tissue biopsy for cancer detection of lungs; remoce obstruction
polysomnography
diagnoses sleep disorders; records eye and muscle movement, breathing, EEG
spirometry
measure capacity of lungs
thoracentesis
removes fluid from pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic pruposes
arterial blood gas (ABG)
measures oxygen and carbon dioxide content of arterial blood
pulmonary function test (PFT)
measures capacity of lungs and volume of air during inhalation and exhalation
endotracheal intubation
tube through mouth or nose into trachea to provide air to patients who cannot breath on their own
laryngectomy
excision of all or part of larynx
lavage
irrigation of paranasal sinuses to remove mucopurulent material
postural drainage
body is positioned so gravity helps remove secretions from lungs or bronchi
tracheostomy
opening into trachea with placement of indwelling tube; allows air to flow into lungs, aids in removal of secretions
oxygen therapy
oxygen administration most commonly via nasal cannula
bronchodilators
drugs that dilate constricted airways via metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
corticosteroids
MDIs, nebulized mist treatments (NMTs)
expectorant
prescipred to reduce sputum thickness and ability to cough it up
