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Biology - GCSE > Chapter 4 - Organisation > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the pump in the human body

A

heart

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2
Q

what are the roles of valves

A

to allow the blood to flow in one direction and avoid leaks or misdirection of wrong way

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3
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structure and function

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4
Q

what is an organs

A

a group tissues performing a specific function

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5
Q

what is an organ system

A

a group of organs that perform a specific function

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6
Q

What is the pacemaker

A

a group of cells in the right atrium that controls resting heart rate

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7
Q

what is the right ventricles role

A

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange

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8
Q

what is the left ventricle

A

pumps oxygenated blood to the body, Thick and muscular wall

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9
Q

What is the alveoli

A

small sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs which is surrounded by capillaries, oxygen moves form the alveoli to the capillaries and carbon dioxide moves the opposite way

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10
Q

What is the trachea and bronchioles

A

tubes through which gases move, lined with cartilage so that they don’t collapse

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11
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

build up of fatty materials in coronary arteries, can lead to blood clots and a heart attack

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12
Q

What is a stent

A

A wire mesh that opens up blocked arteries

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13
Q

what are the advantages of a stent

A

keeps artery open, low-risk surgery

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14
Q

what are the disadvantages

A

fatty materials can rebuild

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15
Q

what is a statin

A

drug that reduces cholesterol

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16
Q

what are the advantages of a statin

A

reduces fat being deposited in arteries

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17
Q

what are the disadvantages of statins

A

side effects include liver damage

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18
Q

What is a heart transplant

A

replacement heart form donner

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19
Q

what are the advantages of heart transplantation

A

good for long term

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20
Q

what are the disadvantages of heart transplantation

A

major surgery, possible rejection

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21
Q

what is an artificial heart

A

man made heart used while waiting for heart transplant

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22
Q

what are the advantages of an artificial heart

A

no rejection, keeps patient alive

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23
Q

what are the disadvantages of an artificial heart

A

limited activity, short life-time, battery powered

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24
Q

what is a mechanical heart valve

A

mechanical replacement of faulty heart valve

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25
Q

what is the advantages of a mechanical heart valve

A

can last a life time

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26
Q

what are the disadvantages of a mechanical heart valve

A

can damage red blood cells

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27
Q

what is a biological heart valve

A

biological replacement of faulty heart valve

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28
Q

what are the advantages of a biological heart valve

A

don’t damage red blood cells

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29
Q

what are the disadvantages of a biological heart valve

A

valve hardens and may need replacing

30
Q

What is the role of the artery

A

takes oxygenated blood away from the heart, carries blood under pressure

31
Q

how are arteries adapted to their role

A

thick walls to withstand high pressure

32
Q

what is the purpose of the veins

A

carry blood under low pressure, carry deoxygenated blood

33
Q

how are veins adapted to their role

A

thin walls. valves to prevent the back flow of blood

34
Q

What is the purpose of the capillary

A

exchange of substances between blood and cells

35
Q

how are capillaries adapted to their role

A

wall is 1 cell thick to allow quick diffusion of substances

36
Q

What is the plasma

A

liquid part of blood, transports blood cells as well as carbon dioxide, proteins, glucose, hormones and urea

37
Q

what are red blood cells

A

carries oxygen, packed with haemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen, no nucleus so more place for haemoglobin,

38
Q

what is haemoglobin

A

protein that binds to oxygen

39
Q

red blood cells have biconcave shape to allow what

A

a larger surface area

40
Q

what are white blood cells

A

destroy pathogens, some can produces antibodies

41
Q

what are platelets

A

cell fragments that help to clot wounds

42
Q

What is transpiration

A

the loss of water vapour from the leaves by evaporation from cells and then out through the stomata

43
Q

what is the transpiration stream

A

the movement of water from the roots, up the stems to the leaves

44
Q

what is translocation

A

the movement of dissolved sugars around the plant

45
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration

A

increase in temperature increases transpiration rate as water evaporates quicker

46
Q

how does humidity affect transpiration

A

increasing humidity decreases the rate of transpiration as water evaporates slower

47
Q

how does wind speed affect transpiration

A

increasing wind speed increases the rate of transpiration as water evaporates quicker

48
Q

how does light affect transpiration

A

increasing light increase the rate of transpiration as stomata opens

49
Q

How is the extension on a root hair cell adapted to it function

A

gives a large surface area to absorb water and minerals

50
Q

How are the vessels in the xylem adapted to its role

A

they strengthened with lignin to withstand pressure

51
Q

how are the cell walls in xylem adapted to their role

A

water proof

52
Q

how are the pores at the each of every phloem cell useful adapted to their roles

A

allow dissolved sugars to move between cells

53
Q

What is the epidermis

A

they cover the surface of the leaf to let light go through it

54
Q

what is the xylem

A

carries water and minerals from the roots around the plant

55
Q

what is the phloem

A

carries dissolved sugars made through photosynthesis around the plants

56
Q

what is the palisade mesophyll

A

where most photosynthesis takes place, cells contain many chloroplasts, absorbs light

57
Q

what is the spongey mesophyll

A

some photosynthesis, has air spaces for diffusion of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen

58
Q

What are the guard cells

A

cells that open and close the stomata

59
Q

What is stomata

A

opening that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse in and out of the leaf

60
Q

What direction does blood travel in the heart

A

Vena Cava - Right Atrium - Right Ventricle - Pulmonary Artery - Pulmonary Vein - Left Atrium - Left Ventricle - Aorta

61
Q

What protects the lungs

A

ribs

62
Q

What are the air sacs at the end of the bronchioles called

A

alveoli

63
Q

What is the role of the trachea

A

rings of cartilage that protect the airways

64
Q

what is the role of the bronchi

A

splits into multiple pathways to reach all the air sacs

65
Q

what is the role of alveoli

A

maximises surface area for efficient gas exchange

66
Q

what is the role of the right ventricle

A

pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place

67
Q

what is the role of the left ventricle

A

pumps blood around the body

68
Q

what is the role of the coronary artery

A

they carry oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscles

69
Q

how big is villi walls

A

one cell thick

70
Q

a network of capillaries are in the villi, but what do they carry away from what

A

glucose and amino acids away from the small intestines in the blood

71
Q

what are villi

A

Finger-like projections in the small intestine that provide a large surface area for the absorption of food.

Biology - GCSE (20 decks)

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