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Biology - GCSE > Chapter 11 - Hormones > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

what are endocrine glands

A

The places in the body where hormones are made and secreted

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2
Q

Where do hormones travel

A

the blood

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3
Q

What are target organs

A

the organs that the specific hormone targets

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4
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

all of the endocrine glands

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5
Q

What is produced in the thyroid

A

thyroxine

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6
Q

what is thyroxine

A

regulates the heart rate, rate of metabolism ad temperature

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7
Q

What is produced in the adrenal gland

A

adrenaline

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8
Q

what is adrenaline

A

prepares the body for a fight or flight scenario

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9
Q

What is produced in the pancreas

A

insulin

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10
Q

what is insulin

A

it controls the body’s blood glucose levels

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11
Q

What is produced in the testes

A

testosterone

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12
Q

what is testosterone

A

it controls puberty and stimulates sperm production

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13
Q

What is produced in the ovaries

A

oestrogen

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14
Q

what is oestrogen

A

causes the lining of the uterus to grow, it also stimulates the release of LH and inhibits the release of FSH

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15
Q

what are the endocrine glands

A

Thyroid, pituitary gland, Testes, Ovaries, pancreas, adrenal gland

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16
Q

What are the differences between hormones and nerves

A
  • nerves have faster actions than hormones
  • nerves act for a short time and hormones act longer
  • nerves act in a precise area unlike hormones who act in a general way
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17
Q

what happens to excess glucose

A

it is stored as glycogen

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18
Q

where is glycogen held

A

in the muscles and the liver

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19
Q

how does insulin work

A

it reduces the glucose concentration in the blood by directing some glucose into the liver and converting glucose into glycogen

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20
Q

what happens if the blood glucose levels are too low

A

glucagon is secreted

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21
Q

what happens if the blood glucose levels are too high

A

insulin is secreted

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22
Q

how does glucagon work

A

it increases the glucose concentration in the blood by turning the glycogen in the liver in glucose and allowing the glucose to flow in the blood stream

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23
Q

where is glucagon produced

A

pancreas

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24
Q

what can a person with diabetes not do

A

control their blood sugar levels

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25
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin so they cannot control the amount of glucose in the blood

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26
Q

what is insulin therapy

A

where a person receives several injections a day of insulin to make sure that glucose is removed from the blood before food is digested

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27
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

where a person becomes resistant to their own insulin

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28
Q

What can increase a persons chances of gaining type 2 diabetes

A

being overweight

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29
Q

What is the role of the kidneys

A

they make urine by taking all waste out of the body, substances are filtered out of the blood through the kidneys where useful products such as glucose and ions are selectively re-absorbed back into the blood

30
Q

what is selective re-absorption

A

the act of the kidney absorbing useful substances like glucose and ions after they had previously been filtered in the kidney

31
Q

what is deamination

A

the removal of the nitrogen-containing part of amino acids to form urea, followed by the release of energy from the remainder of the amino acid

32
Q

name a waste product of deamination

A

Ammonia

33
Q

What happens to ammonia in the liver

A

it is toxic so is turned into urea

34
Q

what is urea

A

A nitrogenous waste product resulting from the breakdown of proteins, excreted in urine

35
Q

What happens to ions in the kidney’s

A

they are filtered and then the right amount of them are selectively reabsorbed into the blood, the excess ions are left in the urine

36
Q

What 3 ways is water lost

A

breathing, sweating and urinating

37
Q

Where is ADH produced

A

pituitary gland

38
Q

which hormone controls the concentration of urine

A

ADH

39
Q

what is ADH

A

a hormone that controls the concentration of urine

40
Q

what are 2 ways of treating kidney failure

A

kidney dialysis and kidney transplants

41
Q

What is kidney failure

A

when the kidney’s do not work properly so waste substances build up and the levels of ions and water can no longer be controlled leading to death

42
Q

What are the pro’s of kidney dialysis

A
  • good alternative to transplant

- keeps you alive while waiting for donor

43
Q

What are the cons of kidney dialysis

A
  • spend hours doing nothing on machine
  • regular visits
  • possible blood clot and infection
  • expensive for NHS
44
Q

What are the pro’s of kidney transplant

A
  • stop kidney failure
  • stops dialysis so no boring hours on machine
  • cheaper than dialysis
45
Q

What are the cons of kidney transplant

A
  • hard to find donor

- long waiting list

46
Q

What happens in puberty

A

sex hormones start being released and trigger off secondary sexual characteristics (breasts, facial hair)

47
Q

what is the main reproductive hormone in men

A

testosterone

48
Q

what is the main reproductive hormone in women

A

oestrogen

49
Q

What happens in stage 1 of the menstrual cycle

A

the lining of the uterus breaks down for 4 days

50
Q

what happens in stage 2 of the menstrual cycle

A

the uterus builds up again

51
Q

what happens in stage 3 of the menstrual cycle

A

an egg develops and is released from the ovary at day 14

52
Q

what is ovulation

A

when an egg develops and is released from the ovary

53
Q

what happens in stage 4 of the menstrual cycle

A

the uterus wall is maintained until day 28, if no fertilised egg has landed on the wall then the wall begins to break and the cycle restarts

54
Q

How many hormones control the menstrual cycle

A

4

55
Q

what are the 4 hormones that control the menstrual cycle

A

LH, FSH, Oestrogen and Progesterone

56
Q

Where is FSH produced

A

pituitary gland

57
Q

what is the role of FSH

A

causes the egg to mature, stimulates the ovaries to produce Oestrogen

58
Q

where is LH produced

A

pituitary gland

59
Q

what is the role of LH

A

stimulates the release of an egg at day 14 (ovulation)

60
Q

where is progesterone produced

A

ovaries

61
Q

what is the role of progesterone

A

maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle. Also, when the levels of progesterone fall, the lining breaks down. It also inhibits the release of LH and FSH

62
Q

What is the combined oral contraceptive pill made out of

A

oestrogen and progesterone

63
Q

what is the difference between the combined oral contraceptive pill and the progesterone only pill

A

the progesterone pill is equally as effective and has less side-effects

64
Q

What is abstinence

A

no having intercourse

65
Q

what is sterilisation

A

cutting the fallopian tube in females or the sperm duct in men, permanent procedure

66
Q

What is IVF

A

when doctors collect eggs from the woman’s ovaries and fertilise them in a ab using the man’s sperm

67
Q

how does adrenaline work

A

It increases the glucose and oxygen supply in the cells in the brain and the muscles to allow for a flight or fight situation, also increases heart rate

68
Q

What is auxin

A

a plant hormone that control growth near the tip of the shoot and root

69
Q

What is gibberellin

A

stimulates seed germination, stem growth and flowering

70
Q

Where is ethene produced in a plant

A

in the aging areas of the plant

71
Q

How is ethene used in a plant

A

stimulates enzymes that cause fruit to ripen

Biology - GCSE (20 decks)

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