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Biology - GCSE > Chapter 1 - Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

contains genetic information that controls the function of the cell

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2
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane

A

controls what enters and leaves the cell

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3
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm

A

where many chemical reactions happen in the cell

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4
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

provides energy for aerobic respiration

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5
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes

A

synthesis proteins

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6
Q

what is the function of the chloroplasts

A

where photosynthesis occurs

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7
Q

what is the function of the permanent vacuole

A

used to store water and other chemicals as cell sap

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8
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

strengthens and supports the cell. (made of cellulose in plants)

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9
Q

what is the cell wall made of

A

cellulose

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10
Q

what is the function of the DNA loop

A

a loop of DNA, not enclosed within a nucleus

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11
Q

what is the function of the plasmids

A

`a small ring of DNA, may contain genes associated with antibiotic resistance

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12
Q

what is the tail useful for in a sperm cell

A

swimming

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13
Q

What is the acrosome in a sperm cells function

A

contains enzymes to break into an egg

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14
Q

why is there lots of mitochondria in a sperm cell

A

to provide energy for the sperm cell to swim

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15
Q

why is a nerve cell being long a good thing for the the nerve cell

A

it can transmit electrical impulses over a distance

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16
Q

why is having protein fibres in a muscle cell good for the cell

A

contains protein fibres that can contract when enrgy Is available making cells shorter

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17
Q

why is having a long extension good for a root hair cell

A

it increases the surface area for water and mineral up take

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18
Q

what is the xylem cell wall

A

waterproof

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19
Q

why are the xylem hollow

A

to allow water to travel through it

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20
Q

why do phloem cells need lots of mitochondria

A

for active transport

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21
Q

why do some phloem cells have a very small cytoplasm

A

for sugars to move through easily

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22
Q

what are eukaryotic cells

A

cells with a nucleus

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23
Q

name 2 types of cells that are eukariotic

A

plant and animal cells

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24
Q

what is an organism made up of eukaryotic cells called

A

a eukaryote

25
Q

what is in a eukaryotic cell that isn’t in a prokaryotic cell

A

a fixed nucleus

26
Q

how big is a eukaryotic cell

A

5um - 100um

27
Q

how do eukaryotic cells divide

A

mitosis

28
Q

what is a prokaryioic cell

A

a simple cell with no nucleus

29
Q

name 1 type of prokaryotic cell

A

bacterial cell

30
Q

where is the DNA of a prokaryotic cell found

A

free in the cytoplasm ( Plasmids, DNA loop )

31
Q

how big are prokaryotic cell

A

0.2um - 2um

32
Q

what is surrounding a bacterial cell

A

a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall

33
Q

how do prokaryotic cells divide

A

binary fission

34
Q

what 2 organelles are in a eukaryotic cell but not in a prokaryotic cell

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

35
Q

what is magnification

A

the degree by which an object is enlarged

36
Q

what is the equation to find magnification

A

Magnification = size of image/ size of real object

37
Q

what is resolution

A

the ability of a microscope to distinguish detail

38
Q

what is a light microscope

A

basic microscope with a maximum magnification of 1500x. It has a low resolution

39
Q

what is an electronic microscope

A

a microscope with a magnification of up to 500 000x and a higher resolution than a light microscope. Used to look at the finer details

40
Q

what is centre meters to metres in standard form

A

1 x 10(-2)

41
Q

what is millimetres to metres in standard form

A

1 x 10(-3)

42
Q

what is micrometres to meters in standard form

A

1 x 10(-6)

43
Q

what is nanometres to meters in standard form

A

1 x 10(-9)

44
Q

how is Dna stored in the nucleus of the cell

A

the genetic information of a cell is stored in a Dna molecule which is stored in a chromosome

45
Q

where else can a tiny bit of genetic information be found

A

in the mitochondria

46
Q

what is diffusion

A

it is the spreading out of the particles resulting in a net movement from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

47
Q

what are the examples of diffusion

A

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in gas exchange (leaves and alveoli)

Urea from cells into the blood plasma for the excretion in the kidney

48
Q

what is osmosis

A

diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

49
Q

what is an example of osmosis

A

movement of water in and out of the cell

50
Q

what is active transport

A

the movement of substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution ( against a concentration gradient ).

51
Q

what is required for active transport

A

energy from respiration

52
Q

what are the examples of active transport

A

absorption of mineral ions ( low concentration ) from soil into a plant roots.

absorption of sugar molecules from a lower concentration in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration

53
Q

how does a difference in a concentration affect diffusion

A

the greater the difference in concentrations, the faster the rate of diffusion

54
Q

how does temperature affect diffusion

A

particles move quicker at higher temperatures, so the rate of diffusion increase

55
Q

how does the surface area of a membrane affect diffusion

A

the greater the surface area the quicker the rate of diffusion

56
Q

why Is a thin membrane good for diffusion

A

it is a shorter path going in to the cell

57
Q

why is a large surface area good for diffusion

A

because it increases the rate of diffusion

58
Q

why an efficient blood supply good in animals

A

maintains a concentration gradient

Biology - GCSE (20 decks)

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