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Biology - GCSE > Chapter 10 - Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of a receptor?

A

It detects change in the environment

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2
Q

What is the co-ordination centre’s role?

A

It receives and processes information and co-ordinates responses

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3
Q

What is the role of the effector?

A

It is a muscle or gland that brings about a response

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4
Q

What is the stimuli?

A

A change in the environment

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5
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Conditions in the body are controlled to provide a constant internal environment

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6
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

A bodily response to a stimulus without the involvement of the brain

Example: blinking, if someone click med their fingers in your eye, you might blink without meaning too

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7
Q

What is a conscious action?

A

An action done on purpose with the use of the brain

Example: Eating, you intend to eat when you do

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8
Q

What is an electrical impulse?

A

An electrical signal that travels along the axon

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9
Q

What is the usual order of a reflex arc?

A 
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Central nervous system
Relay neurone
Motor neurone
Effector
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10
Q

What is a sensory neurone?

A

It carries signals from receptors to the Central nervous system

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11
Q

What is the role of the relay neurone?

A

connects the sensory neurone and the motor neurone

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12
Q

What is the role of the motor neurones?

A

They carry signals from the central nervous system to effectors

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13
Q

what is the central nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

what is a synapse

A

A tiny gap between two nerve cells, which nerve signals must cross

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15
Q

how is an impulse transferred over a synapse

A

chemicals are released and diffuse over the gap, these chemicals then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone

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16
Q

what carries out a response

A

effectors

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17
Q

what connects neurones

A

synapse

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18
Q

what are reflexes

A

automatic responses to certain stimuli without the conscious part of the brain

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19
Q

what is the point of reflexes

A

they reduce chances of getting injured

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20
Q

if someone shines a bright light into your eye, what reflex happens

A

your pupils automatically get smaller to allow less light in to stop it getting damaged

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21
Q

what is a reflex arc

A

passage of information in a reflex (receptor to effector)

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22
Q

what part of the CNS do reflex arcs usually go through

A

unconscious part of the brain or the spinal cord

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23
Q

what reflex happens if you get shocked

A

your body releases the hormone adrenaline automatically

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24
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

its responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

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25
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

controls muscle co-ordination

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26
Q

What is the medulla

A

controls unconscious activity such as breathing and heart beat

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27
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

controls blood temperature

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28
Q

what is another name for the thermoregulatory centre

A

hypothalamus

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29
Q

what disease causes muscle tremors

A

Parkinson’s disease

30
Q

what is a muscle tremor

A

involuntary movement of a body part

31
Q

What is the sclera

A

the tough, supporting wall of the eye

32
Q

what is the cornea

A

transparent layer found in front of the eye, it refracts light into the eye

33
Q

what is the iris

A

contains muscles that allow it to control the diameter of the pupil and therefore how much light enters the eye

34
Q

what is the lens

A

it focuses the light onto the retina

35
Q

what receptor cells are contained in the retina

A

light intensity sensitive cells and colour sensitive cells

36
Q

what controls the shape of the lens

A

ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments

37
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

carries impulses from the receptors on the retina to the brain

38
Q

what is accommodation

A

the changing of the lens shape to help focus light on the retina

39
Q

what happens to the ciliary muscles as you look at near objects

A

they contract

40
Q

what happens to the suspensory ligaments as you look at near objects

A

they relax

41
Q

what happens to the ciliary muscles as you look at distant objects

A

they relax

42
Q

what happens to the suspensory ligaments as you look at distant objects

A

they contract

43
Q

what happens to lens as you look at near object

A

it becomes fatter (more curved) which refracts light by a larger amount

44
Q

what happens to lens as you look at distant object

A

it becomes thinner (less curved) so it refracts light by a smaller amount

45
Q

what happens to your lens as you grow older

A

they loose flexibility so viewing near objects is harder as they cant focus (thus they have reading glasses)

46
Q

what happens if the eye cant refract light by the right amount

A

the person is either short or long sighted

47
Q

what is hyperopia

A

the medical term for long sightedness

48
Q

what is the medical term for long sightedness

A

hyperopia

49
Q

what type of lens would a long sighted person need

A

convex

50
Q

what are convex lens

A

lens that curve outwards (used by long sighted people)

51
Q

what is myopia

A

the medical term for short sightedness

52
Q

what is the medical term for short sightedness

A

myopia

53
Q

what type of lens would a short sighted person need

A

concave lens

54
Q

what are concave lens

A

lens that curve inwards (used by short sighted people)

55
Q

What are contact lenses

A

they are thin lenses that sit on the surface of your eye

56
Q

what are the pros of contact lenses

A

they are lightweight and almost invisible and you can wear them for sports

57
Q

what are the cons of contact lenses

A

they carry a high risk of infection

58
Q

what 2 type of contact lenses are there

A

hard lenses and soft lenses

59
Q

what is laser eye surgery

A

it is used to change the shape of the cornea affecting the level of refraction of light into the eye

60
Q

what are the pros of laser eye surgery

A

surgeons can precisely laser the eye which completely corrects vision

61
Q

what are the cons of laser eye surgery

A

risk of complications, possible reaction against the surgery making vision worse than before

62
Q

what is replacement lens surgery

A

the lens is removed and replaced with an artificial lens

63
Q

what are the pros of replacement lens surgery

A

you receive a new and improved lens

64
Q

what are the cons of replacement lens surgery

A

possible damage to retina, higher risks than laser eye surgery

65
Q

what makes up the CNS

A

spinal cord, brain

66
Q

what is the only neurone found inside the CNS

A

relay neurone

67
Q

what type of impulse travels along neurones

A

electrical

68
Q

what method is used by chemical transmitters to move between neurones

A

diffusion

69
Q

what is a chemical transmitter

A

a chemical released at a synapse to help transmit electrical impulses move between neurones

70
Q

name different reflexes

A

heart beat, breathing, blinking, sneezing, coughing

71
Q

what is the medulla

A

controls automatic functions

Biology - GCSE (20 decks)

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