Chapter 4 - Nutrition

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

Function - Primary source of energy, stores energy, extra glucose turns to fat

Food sources - vegetables, rice, pasta, cereals, fruits

Influence on youth - overconsumption cause dental decay/increase risk of diabetes/heart disease/high cholesterol, stable glucose/energy levels

Question 2

Protein

Answer 2

Function - Build/maintain/repair body cells, secondary source of energy

Food sources - Meat, eggs, dairy products, tofu, legumes, wholegrain cereals

Influence on youth - underconsumption means there aren’t enough amino acids/loss of muscle mass, builds cells, source of energy

Question 3

Fibre

Answer 3

Function - Cleans digestive system, insoluble fibre helps stool move through the body

Food sources - wholemeal bread, grains, seeds, fruit, vegetables

Influence on youth - underconsumption causes constipation/increase chance of bowel cancer, feeling of fullness, reduce cholesterol levels, controls blood sugar

Question 4

Trans Fat

Answer 4

Function - increases LDL (bad) cholesterol levels, lowers HDL (good) cholesterol levels, both are a byproduct of hydrogenation

Food source - fast foods, bakery products, potatoes, certain vegetable oils

Influence on youth - no known health benefits, increases the risk of death, coronary heart disease

Question 5

Saturated Fat

Answer 5

Function - Secondary source of energy, protects organs, supports cell growth, keeps cholesterol levels low, keeps blood pressure under control, helps the body absorb nutrients.

Food source - butter, margarines, coconut oil, cakes, pastries, fatty cuts of meat

Influence on youth - helps brain health, cardiovascular health, bone health, immune health, nervous system health

Question 6

Polyunsaturated Fat

Answer 6

Function - protects organs, insulates the body, regulates body temperature, secondary source of energy, an essential part of body tissue, carries fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

Food sources - soy-beans, maize, sunflower, safflower

Influence on youth - reduce cholesterol levels

Question 7

Monounsaturated Fat

Answer 7

Function - helps to reduce bad cholesterol levels, lowers your risk of heart disease/stroke, provides nutrients to develop/maintain body cells

Food sources - olives, peanuts, avocados, nuts

Influence on youth - help with weight loss, help improve insulin sensitivity, reduces the risk of heart disease

Question 8

Calcium

Answer 8

Function - Builds bone mass, builds teeth, helps muscles to contract, regulate normal heart rhythms, regulates nerve function.

Food sources - milk, yoghurt, cheese, green leafy vegetables, sardines

Influence on youth - decreases the chance of getting osteoporosis, decreases the chance to break and fracture bones

Question 9

Iron

Answer 9

Function - Forms the haem in haemoglobin, and produces myoglobin.

Food source - green leafy vegetables, lean red meat, oily fish, nuts, chicken, turkey

Influence on youth - increases energy, increases focus, assists in gastrointestinal processes, supports immune system, regulates body temperature, assists in brain development, helps produce collagen.

Question 10

B-Group Vitamins

Answer 10

Function - provide nutrition that are essential for growth and maintenance of a healthy individual. They are essential in the process of metabolising or converting the fuels.

Food Source - vegemite, wholegrain cereal, wholegrain bread, egg, meat, milk, green leafy vegetables, fish.

Influence on youth - aids in growth, proper nerve function, good digestion, cell health, providing energy to complete daily activites.

Question 11

Australian Guide to Healthy Eating

Answer 11

Why - Reduce short/long-term consequences of nutrition imbalance, provide information

Strengths - Colourful, easy to read, basic advice

Weaknesses - No serving sizes, possible to make poor food choices, no composite foods

Question 12

Healthy Eating Pyramid

Answer 12

Why - Promotes good health

Strengths - Colourful, easy to read, has herbs/spices/salt/sugar, basic nutrition advice

Weaknesses - No serving sizes, no composite foods, fruit in foundation layer, difficult to apply

Question 13

Health Star Rating

Answer 13

Why - To make healthy food choices, rates the nutritional profile of foods

Strengths - Basic nutrition advice, quick/easy to read, consistent rating system

Weaknesses - Not compulsory, high rating does not mean it’s healthy, junk foods can score higher than natural foods

Question 14

Nutritionist/Dietitian

Answer 14

Nutritionist - Tertiary qualification, work in community/public health roles, makes health information programs, not qualified to provide medical treatment

Dietitian - Tertiary qualification/additional study, professional practice, can provide medical treatment

Question 15

TV/Print Media

Answer 15

TV/Print Media - Presenters are not qualified, info in media gets views, magazines aren’t reliable

Question 16

Internet/Social Media

Answer 16

R - Read the URL, org/edu/gov are reliable

E - Examine the content, look at author/publisher/organisation, what are their credentials, check is the material is current

A - Ask about the authors names, can you find details on the author/publisher

L - Look at the links, are the sources credible (edu/org/gov)

Question 17

Infiltration of Social Media

Answer 17

Companies are constantly advertising new food and drink promotions via platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, and Twitter. There are often a variety of competitions offering free products or prize money that are designed to tempt the younger generation. Young people often provide their personal information to food marketers through these competitions. The marketers then use this to build a profile of the individual in order to allow them to bombard them with future marketing campaigns

Question 18

Immersive Marketing

Answer 18

A technique that involves the integration of advertising into a complete experience for customers. The aim is to create an emotional relationship between an individual and a particular product. The longer customers associate themselves with programs, the stronger their relationship with the product becomes.

Question 19

Celebrity Endorsements

Answer 19

According to research on young people aged 13-15 years, celebrity endorsements in marketing can not only enhance brand recognition but can also increase the desirability of the product, leading to a positive association with the food or beverage. Due to young people increasing their use of products promoted by celebrities such as foods high in sugar, lollies and soft drinks, large numbers of youth will continue to suffer from being overweight and obese. They will also continue to suffer from Type 2 diabetes and CVD later in life.

Question 20

Product Placement

Answer 20

A technique used by food and beverage companies to subtly promote products through TV, film or other forms of media. It is seen as a beneficial technique as it does not interrupt the viewer the way traditional advertising does. Through the use of this technique, the viewer is in contact with a brand for extended periods of time. Embedding a brand or product within a particular media platform such as TV stops people from changing the channel as they would if a full commercial came on during program viewing time.

Question 21

Social Factor - Family

Answer 21

Enabler – When parents purchase, provide and cook vegetables and fruit healthy eating improves. Role modelling is very important, you are likely to copy your parent’s eating practices. Many young people also learn to cook and prepare meals at the home

Barrier – if your parents purchase, provide or role model with energy-dense foods you are more likely to copy and eat a poor diet

Question 22

Social Factor - Education

Answer 22

Enablers - People with higher levels of education are more likely to choose healthier lifestyles, including the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Higher education levels also lead to higher income earning capacity and increased income to spend on nutritious food. Education also promotes awareness of healthy behaviours

Question 23

Social Factor - Income

Answer 23

Barriers - Low-income groups who find it difficult to achieve a balanced healthy diet experience food insecurity. Energy-dense processed foods are often less expensive than nutritious fresh food, and therefore become the food of choice for low-income families. Low SES areas tend to have a large selection of takeaway and fast-food restaurants and few fresh food produce markets.

Question 24

Cultural Factor - Religion

Answer 24

Some religions prohibit the consumption of specific food or involve periods of fasting. For example, most Hindus do not eat beef, and Muslims engage in a month-long fast known as Ramadan. Islam and Judaism prohibit the eating of pork and all other meat must be halal or kosher.

Question 25

Cultural Factor - Gender

Answer 25

The life expectancy of Australian women is 84.5 years, while for men it is 80.4 years. Contributing to these differences are health-related beliefs and behaviours. Compared to females, males are less likely to consume fruits, vegetables and high fibre foods, and are more likely to consume soft drinks. Men face specific barriers such as time-poor, cost, lack of cooking skills and lack of understanding of recommended serving sizes

Question 26

Political Factor - Food Policies and Laws and Trade Agreements

Answer 26

Food policies have a large impact on many parts of the food industry in Australia. Food laws and trade arrangements can affect the availability of food within a country. That in turn can impact the cost of foods and their consumption.

Question 27

Political Factors - Food Labelling

Answer 27

Food labelling laws determine what a consumer knows about the product they are purchasing. Food labels can be useful when comparing similar products. The health star rating system was introduced to assist people to purchase healthier options.