Chapter 4 medical terms Flashcards
abduction
the movement of a limb (arm or leg) AWAY from the midline of the body
adduction
the movement of a limb (arm or leg) TOWARD the midline of the body
adhesion
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
ataxia
the lack of a muscle coordination during voluntary movement
atonic
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
atrophy
Weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures. Caused by pathology or by disease of the muscle over a long period of time
bradykinesia
extreme slowness in movement
carpal tunnel syndrome
symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel into the hand are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
chronic fatigue syndrome
(CFS) is a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems
circumduction
circular movement at the far end of a limb
compartment syndrome
involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the compartment (enclosed space created by the fascia)
contracture
permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin (normal elastic connective tissues are replaced with non elastic fibrous tissues)
dyskinesia
distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
dystonia
movement disorder characterized by involuntary and sometimes repetitive contraction of certain muscles
dorsiflexion
movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
electromyography
(EMG) diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within the muscle fibers in response to nerve sim
epicondylitis
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
exercise physiologist
a specialist who works under a physician to develop, implement , and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness
fasciitis
inflammation of a fascia
fibromyalgia
is a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms
ganglion cyst
benign, fluid filled lump that usually occurs on the outer surface of the wrist or hand. sometimes as a result of a past injury
heel spur
calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus bone, causing pain
hemiparesis
a weakness or slight paralysis affecting one side of the body
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body
hernia
occurs when tissues, such as part of the internal organ, protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it
hyperkinesia
(hyperactivity) abnormal muscle function or activity
hypotonia
condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
impingement syndrome
occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
innervation
stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
insertion
where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon
intermittent claudication
pain in leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
muscular dystrophy
(muscular dystrophies) group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
myoclonus
quick involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
myofascial release
specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia , movement restrictions, carpal tunnel syndrome, and myofascial pain syndrome
myasthenia gravis
chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction. Produces weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles
myoparesis
weakness or slight muscles paralysis
myorrhaphy
surgical suturing of a muscle
neuromuscular
pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
oblique
means slanted or at an angle
origin
where the muscle begins, and it is located nearest the midline of the body (on less movable part)
paralysis
loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
paraplegia
(partial paralysis) the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
physiatrist
physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
plantar fasciitis
inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot causes foot or heel pain when walking
polymyositis (PM)
is a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles
pronation
the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward/backward
quadriplegia
(tetraplegia) paralysis of all four extremities
sarcopenia
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging
shin splint
painful condition caused by muscle tearing away from the tibia
singultus
(hiccups) myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccups sound with each spasm
sphincter
ring like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
sprain
injury to a joint, such as the ankle, knee, wrists, which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn
tendinopathy
general term for irritation or degeneration of a tendon in any joint. ex) rotator cuff
tenodesis
surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
tenolysis
release of a tendon from adhesions
tenotomy
surgical cutting of a tendon to provide release or allow lengthening
tenosynovitis
an inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
torticollis
(wryneck) stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
transverse
crosswise direction (horizontal)
