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Medical terminology > Chapter 10 medical terms > Flashcards

Chapter 10 medical terms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Acrophobia

A

is an excessive fear of heights

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2
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

(AD) is a group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. Leading form of dementia

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3
Q

Amyotropic lateral sclerosis

A

(ALS) AKA Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles

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4
Q

Anesthetic

A

is a medication used to induce anesthesia. The anesthetic may be tropical, local, regional, or general

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5
Q

Anesthetist

A

is a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia but is not a physician. For example, a nurse anesthetist

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6
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

is characterized by a false perception of body appearance. This leads to an intense fear of gaining weight and inability to maintain a healthy body weight

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7
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Are mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation

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8
Q

Autism spectrum disorder

A

(ASD) describes a condition with different levels of symptom severity in which a young child has difficulty developing normal social relationship and communication skills, may compulsively follow repetitive routines, and has narrowly focused, intense interests that are sometimes unusual

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9
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

is the temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that caused paralysis of the face, only on the affected side

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10
Q

Carotid ultrasonography

A

is an ultra sound study of the carotid artery. This diagnostic test is performed to detect plaque buildup in the artery to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke

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11
Q

Causalgia

A

is persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve

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12
Q

Cerebral contusion

A

is the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull

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13
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

(CP) is a group of disorders characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies due to damage that affects the cerebrum

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14
Q

Cerebrovascular accident

A

(CVA) AKA stroke, is brain damage that occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted because a blood vessel is either blocked or has ruptured

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15
Q

Cervical radiculopathy

A

is nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region

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16
Q

Claustrophobia

A

is an abnormal fear of being in small or enclosed spaces

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17
Q

Cognition

A

describes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory

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18
Q

Coma

A

is a profound (deep) state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech

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19
Q

Concussion

A

is a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain. A concussion may result in a temporary loss of awareness and function

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20
Q

Cranial hematoma

A

is a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain

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21
Q

Delirium

A

is an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucination

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22
Q

Delirium tremens

A

(DTs) is a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol

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23
Q

Delusion

A

is a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary

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24
Q

Dementia

A

is a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking and judgement, that is often accompanied by personality changes

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25
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

(MS) is a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that caused demyelination of myelin sheath. This scars the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves and disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses. This damage leaves the patient with varying degrees of pain plus physical and cognitive problems

26
Q

Myelography

A

is a fluoroscopic and CT study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture

27
Q

Narcolepsy

A

is a sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day

28
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

are chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor

29
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

(OCD) is characterized by recurrent obsessions (repetitive, intrusive, distressing thoughts or impulses) and/or compulsions (repeatedly feeling compelled to do things, like wash or count)

30
Q

Panic attack

A

is an unexpected, sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger, accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest tightness, dizziness, sweating, nausea, feelings of unreality, choking sensations, or a combination of these. A panic attack is unneeded activation of the body’s fight or flight response

31
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

AKA a bleed, occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks, A bleed also occurs when an aneurysm within the brain ruptures

32
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

is a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain

33
Q

Hyperesthesia

A

is a condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli

34
Q

ischemic stroke

A

which is the most common type of stroke in older people, occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of an artery

35
Q

lethargy

A

is a lowered level of consciousness marked by listless, drowsiness, and apathy. As used here, apathy means indifference and a reduced level activity

36
Q

Meningitis

A

aka infectious meningitis, is an inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord

37
Q

Meningocele

A

is the congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column

38
Q

Migraine headache

A

which may be preceded by a warning aura, is characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head

39
Q

Myelitis

A

is an inflammation of the spinal cord that most commonly occurs in children after a viral infection, and causes muscle weakness and decreased reflexes, similar to polio

40
Q

Dura mater

A

is the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges

41
Q

Dyslexia

A

also known as developmental reading disorder, is a learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols correctly

42
Q

Electroencephalography

A

(EEG) is the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to scalp

43
Q

Encephalitis

A

an inflammation of the brain, can be caused by a viral infection such as rabies

44
Q

Epidural anesthesia

A

is regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the epidural space of the lumbar or sarcal region of the spine

45
Q

Epilepsy

A

is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity. Also known as seizure disorder, epilepsy can usually be controlled with medication

46
Q

Factitious disorder

A

is a condition in which an individual acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick

47
Q

Hallucination

A

is a sensory perception experienced in the absence of external stimulation

48
Q

Parasomnia

A

is a general term for several categories of sleep disorders that occur while falling asleep, during sleep, or while waking from sleep

49
Q

Paresthesia

A

refers to a burning or prickling sensation with no apparent physical cause that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet but can also occur in other parts of the body

50
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

(PD) is a chronic, degenerative central nervous disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and slow or shuffling gait

51
Q

Peripheral neuropathy

A

is a disorder of the peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord

52
Q

Post-traumatic stress disorder

A

(PTSD) may develop after an event involving acute or threatened death or injury to the individual or someone else, during which the person felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror

53
Q

Reye’s syndrome

A

(RS) is serious and potentially deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion. This syndrome sometimes follow a viral illness in which the child was treated with aspirin

54
Q

Schizophrenia

A

is a psychotic disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations and accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral or intellectual disturbances

55
Q

Sciatica

A

is inflammation of the sciatic nerve caused by pressure on the nerve roots that results in pain, burning, and tingling along the course of the affected nerve through the thigh, leg, and sometimes into the foot

56
Q

Seizure

A

(sz) is a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time. Some seizures can hardly be noticed, whereas others cause a brief loss of consciousness

57
Q

Shaken baby syndrome

A

describes the results of child being violently shaken by someone. This action can cause brain injury, blindness, fractures, seizures, paralysis, and death

58
Q

Syncope

A

AKA fainting, is the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain

59
Q

Tremor

A

is a repetitive, involuntary muscle movement usually involving the hands, arms, head, or face. There are multiple types of tremors, which cause different types of movements and can be differentiated by their causes and presentation

60
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

is a chronic pain condition characterized by severe lighting-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve

Medical terminology (20 decks)

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