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HLSC 124 - Microbiology for Health Professionals > Chapter 4 - Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Coccus (cocci)

A

-spherical-shaped
-“berries”
-when they divide to reproduce the cells remain attached to one another
-streptococci, diplococci, staphylococci

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2
Q

Diplococci

A

-cocci that remain in pairs after dividing
-ie. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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3
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

-diplococci bacteria
-causes gonorrhoea
-a STI
-have fimbriae that help the microbe colonize to cause disease

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4
Q

Streptococci

A

-cocci that divide and remain attached in a chainlike pattern
-ie. Streptococcus pyogenes

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5
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

-streptococci bacteria
-causes strep throat

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6
Q

Tetrads

A

-cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four

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7
Q

Sarcinae

A

-cocci that divide in three planes and remain attached in cube-like groups of eight

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8
Q

Staphylococci

A

-cocci that divide and form grape-like clusters
-ie. Staphylococcus aureus

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9
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

-staphylococci bacteria
-causes MRSA and other skin infections

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10
Q

Bacillus (bacilli)

A

-rod-shaped
-“little rods”
-can be used as a scientific name OR a shape
-only divide across their short axis (= fewer groups)
-single bacillus, diplobacilli, streptobacilli

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11
Q

Single Bacilli

A

-single rods

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12
Q

Diplobacilli

A

-bacilli that appear in pairs after division

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13
Q

Streptobacilli

A

-bacilli that occur in chains

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14
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

-bacillus bacteria
-causes anthrax
-have capsules

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15
Q

Spiral

A

-can be curved rods or curly string-like shaped rods
-vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

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16
Q

Vibrio

A

-spirals that look like curved rods
-look like a kidney bean
-ie. Vibrio cholerae

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17
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

-vibrio (spiral) bacteria
-causes cholera
-uses a glycocalyx to help it attach to cells of small intestine

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18
Q

Spirilla (Spirillum)

A

-helical/corkscrew shape
-rigid but mobile body
-have flagella to move around
-ie ??

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19
Q

?? example

A
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20
Q

Spirochete

A

-helical
-flexible
-move by axial filaments (flagella that wrap from end to end)
-ie. Treponema pallidum

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21
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

-spirochete (spiral) bacteria
-causes syphilis
-have axial filaments

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22
Q

Monomorphic

A

maintain a single shape

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23
Q

Pleomorphic

A

can have many shapes depending on the species/environment

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24
Q

Coccobacilli (coccobacillus)

A

-neither cocci or bacilli
-oval shaped
-in between

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25
Q

Glycocalyx

A

-secreted by the organism on the outside of their cell wall
-a sugar coat (polysaccharide + polypeptide)
-the sugar makes it sticky

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26
Q

Capsule

A

-if the glycocalyx is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall
-capsule can be seen via negative staining

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27
Q

Slime Layer

A

-when the glycocalyx is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall

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28
Q

Glycocalyx Functions

A

-increase virulence
-prevent phagocytosis (capsules) by slipping away
-stickiness allows attachment
-prevents dehydration
-may inhibit nutrients moving out of the cell

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29
Q

Virulence

A

-disease causing capacity

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30
Q

Stroptococcus pneumonine

A

-have glycocalyx
-cause pneumonia
-vaccines don’t use whole bacteria, just the capsule material

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31
Q

Streptococcus mutans

A

-have glycocalyx
-attach to teeth
-cause dental decay and cavities
-use glycocalyx as a nutrition source (the sugars as energy)

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32
Q

Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS)

A

-a glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment and to each other
-allows communication and survival between cells

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33
Q

Flagella

A

-appendages that are used for movement or attachment
-love to run but tumble when they hit a block/need to change direction

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34
Q

Atrichous

A

bacteria that lack flagella

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35
Q

Peritrichous

A

-when flagella are distributed around the entire cell

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36
Q

Monotrichous

A

-have a single flagellum at one pole
-polar

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37
Q

Lophotrichous

A

-a tuft of flagella coming from one pole
-polar

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38
Q

Amphitrichous

A

-flagella are at both ends of the cell
-polar

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39
Q

Polar

A

-flagella reside at one or both ends of the cell

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40
Q

Filament (Flagella)

A

-constant in diameter
-contains the flagellin protein that intertwine around a hollow core
-most not covered by a membrane/sheath
-filament is attached to a hook
-is straight, never curly

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41
Q

Hook (Flagella)

A

-protein structure of unknown name

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42
Q

Basal Body (Flagella)

A

-anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane
-small central rod inserted into a series of rings

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43
Q

Motility

A

-the ability of an organism to move by itself
-enables bacterium to move toward a favourable environment away from an adverse one

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44
Q

Taxis

A

-movement of a bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus

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45
Q

Chemotaxis

A

chemical stimuli

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46
Q

Phototaxis

A

light stimulus

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47
Q

Archaella

A

-similar to flagella but in archaeal cells
-no basal-body anchor in pili

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48
Q

Axial Filaments (aka endoflagella)

A

-found in spirochetes
-anchored at one end of a cell
-propel bacteria in a spiral motion
-similar structure to flagella

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49
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A

-causes lyme disease
have axial filaments

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50
Q

Fimbriae

A

-hair-like appendages
-shorter, straighter, thinner than flagella
-can jet out from all regions of the cell
-range from 1-100+
-allow attachment to each other and surfaces
-can’t be stained

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51
Q

E. coli

A

-have fimbriae and sometimes pili that allow bacteria to adhere to small intesting lining
-causes watery diarrhea
-colonization can’t happen without fimbriae (no disease)

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52
Q

Pili (sex pilus)

A

-usually longer than fimbriae
-1 or 2 per cell
-involved in motility and DNA transfer
-form a bridge between cels

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53
Q

Twitching Motility

A

pilus extends by adding subunits of pilin and then retracts

54
Q

Gliding Motility

A

-movement of pili bacteria
-allows microbes to travel in environments with low water content

55
Q

The Cell Wall

A

-made of peptidoglycan
-surrounds and protects plasma membrane of prokaryotes
-prevents bacterial cells from rupturing when water pressure inside is greater than outside
-maintains shape of cell
-point of attachment for flagella
-contributes to ability of some to cause disease
-site of action of some antibiotics

56
Q

Eukaryote Cell Wall

A

-some have cell walls
-chemical composition is different
-simpler in structure
-less rigid

57
Q

Peptidoglycan (aka Murein)

A

-consists of repeating disaccharide connected by polypeptides to form a lattice around the cell

58
Q

“Peptido”

A

-polypeptide portion that link adjacent disaccharide rows
-binds the sugar backbone together
-consists of a polypeptide chain & tetra-peptide cross-bridge

59
Q

Tetra-peptide Side Chains

A

-4 amino acids attached to NAMs in the backbone
-don’t criss cross

60
Q

Penicillin

A

-interferes with the final linking of the peptidoglycan rows by peptide cross-bridges
-cell undergoes lysis

61
Q

“Glycan”

A

-the sugar backbone
-glucose converted into NAM and NAG which join together in an alternating pattern

62
Q

NAM

A

N-acetylmuramic acid

63
Q

NAG

A

N-acetylglucosamine

64
Q

Gram-Positive Cell Walls

A

-many layers of peptidoglycan
-thick, rigid structure
-have periplasmic space
-have Teichoic Acid

65
Q

Periplasmic Space (GRAM +)

A

-space between the cell wall and plasma membrane of gram-positive bacteria
-contains granular layer composed of lipoteichoic acid

66
Q

Lipoteichoic Acid

A

-spans the peptidoglycan layer and is anchored to the plasma membrane

67
Q

Teichoic Acids

A

-found in cell walls of gram-positive bacteria
-an organic acid
-made of an alcohol (glycerol or ribitol) and phosphate
-doesn’t anchor

68
Q

Teichoic Acid Functions

A

-have a negative charge and may bind and regulate cation movement in and out of the cell
-attract positive ions into the cell
-cell growth
-provide antigen specificity (identity)

69
Q

Gram-Negative Cell Walls

A

-one or very few layers of peptidoglycan
-has an outer membrane and inner plasma membrane
-no teichoic acid
-PG is anchored to lipoproteins in outer membrane
-more susceptible to mechanical breakage

70
Q

Periplasm (GRAM -)

A

-gel-like fluid in periplasmic space
-region between the outer membrane and plasma membrane
-contains lots of degradative enzymes and transport proteins

71
Q

Outer Membrane (GRAM -)

A

-consists of lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids, porin proteins
-several specialized functions
-strong - charge evades phagocytosis
-barrier to chemicals that will cause breakdown

72
Q

Porin Proteins

A

-in outer membrane
-form channels that selectively allow ions and molecules in/out

73
Q

Lipoproteins

A

-anchor PG to outer membrane

74
Q

Lip(opolysaccharide)

A

-lipid A is the fat portion that is in the top layer
-button structure
-house an endotoxin that is released when the cell dies
-Lipid A is what causes the signs and symptoms such as: fever, nausea, diarrhea, constipation
-leads to shock if not treated

75
Q

Core Polysaccharide

A

-attached to Lipid A
-contains unusual sugars that provide structural stability

76
Q

(Lip) O polysaccharide

A

-extends outward from the button core
-made of sugar molecules
-functions as the antigenic specificity

77
Q

Atypical Cell Walls

A

-certain cell types have no walls or very little wall material

78
Q

Mycoplasma (Atypical)

A

-Mycoplasma pneumoniae
-smallest known bacterial that can grow and reproduce outside living host cells
-have no cell walls
-pass through many bacterial filters
-plasma membrane gets solidified by lipids called sterols to protect them from rupture

79
Q

Archaea (Atypical)

A

-either have no wall or a false wall with no PG
-contain a substance similar to PG called pseudomurein
-don’t cause diseases

80
Q

Acid-Fast Cell Walls (Atypical)

A

-contain a waxy lipid called Mycolic acid in their cell wall
-prevents uptake of dyes
-can be stained with carbolfuschin

81
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

-have acid-fast cell walls
-cause TB

82
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

-have acid-fast cell walls
-cause leprosy

83
Q

Damage to Cell Walls

A

-chemicals that damage bacterial cell walls often don’t harm host cells
-via lysozyme or antibiotics

84
Q

Lysozyme

A

-digests the disaccharide (glycan) in PG
=cell death
-occurs naturally in some eukaryotic cells
-found in mucus, tears, sweat, saliva, breast milk

85
Q

Lysozyme on Gram +

A

-cuts the bridges between the sugars in the thick PG layer
-destroys the cell wall

86
Q

Protoplast

A

-the cellular contents that remain
-wall less cell is a protoplast
-typically capable of carrying on metabolism

87
Q

Lysozyme on Gram -

A

-outer and plasma membrane remain
-this part is called a spheroplast

88
Q

Antibiotics

A

-ie. penicillin
-disrupt cross bridge formation in PG
-destroy the peptide part of PG
-most gram - aren’t as susceptible to penicillin

89
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

-prokaryotic cell membranes are usually less rigid than eukaryotes (except for mycoplasma)
-selectively permeable

90
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

-main component
-have polar head on the surface that is hydrophilic (water loving), soluble in water
-non polar tails on the interior that are hydrophobic (water fearing), insoluble in water

91
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

-lay on inner or outer surface
-easily removed
-function as enzymes, support scaffolding, mediators of shape during movement

92
Q

Integral Proteins

A

-removed from membrane only after a disruption
-aka transmembrane proteins
-may be channels for entry/exit of substances

93
Q

Glycoproteins

A

-proteins attached to carbohydrates
-protect cell
-lubricate cell
-cell interactions

94
Q

Glycolipids

A

-lipids attached to carbohydrates
-protect cell
-lubricate cell
-cell interactions

95
Q

Plasma Membrane Functions

A

-selective barrier
-breakdown of nutrients
-energy production

96
Q

Chromatophores

A

-pigments and enzymes involved in photosynthesis

97
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

-net movement of ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
-movement occurs until equilibrium
-oxygen and CO2 usually

98
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

-integral membrane proteins act as channels/carriers
-for ions or large molecules
-no energy expended

99
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from and area of high water to an area of lower water concentration

100
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

pressure required to prevent movement of water into a solution containing solutes

101
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

-a medium where overall concentration of solutes equals the inside of a cell

102
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

-outside cell
-solute concentration is lower than inside the cell

103
Q

Hypertonic

A

-higher solute concentration than inside the cell

104
Q

Cytoplasm

A

-cell substances inside the plasma membrane
-water
-proteins
-cabs
-lipids
-ions

105
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

-fibres inside the cytoplasm

106
Q

Nucleoid

A

-contains bacterial chromosome
-all the info required for cell structure and function
-not surrounded by nuclear envelope

107
Q

Ribosomes

A

-all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have
-where protein synthesis takes place

108
Q

Endospores

A

-resting cells
-resistant to heat, desiccation, chemicals
-formed by Bacillus (specifically Bacillus anthracis) and Clostridium species
-gram + cells

109
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

-causes tetanus

110
Q

Clostridium perfingens

A

-causes gangrene

111
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

-causes botulism (food poisioning)

112
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

-causes colitis

113
Q

Exception of Endospores

A

-only 1 that is gram-negative
-Coxiella burnetti: causes Q-fever (form of pneumonia)
-spread by domesticated animals

114
Q

Sporulation

A

-endospore formation
-within a vegetative cell
-during stressful times
-spore septum (ingrowth) begins to isolate replicated DNA
-cell membrane begins to isolate new DNA and plasma
-spore septum surrounds isolated portion
-PG layer forms between membranes
-spore coat forms
-endospore is freed from cell

115
Q

Germination

A

-return to vegetative state
-triggered by heat

116
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

-typically larger
-more structurally complex
-have a true nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane
-have organelles
-complex flagella
-glycocalyx present in some cells lacking cell walls
-chemically simple cell wall when present
-have larger ribosomes (80S) and 70S in organelles
mitosis and meiosis
-plant and animal cells

117
Q

Flagella and Cilia (Eukaryotic Cell)

A

-enclosed by plasma membrane
-used for locomotion
-consist of 9 + 2 array of microtubules

118
Q

Cell Wall and Glycocalyx (Eukaryotic Cell)

A

-cell wall is simpler than prokaryotic
-glycocalyx: strength, attachment, cell-cell recognition

119
Q

Plasma Membrane (Eukaryotic Cell)

A

-similar to prokaryotic in structure and function
-carbohydrates: attachment site for bacteria and receptor sites
-sterols: strength

120
Q

Cytoplasm (Eukaryotic Cell)

A

-substances inside p. membrane and outside nucleus

121
Q

Ribosomes (Eukaryotic Cell)

A

-attached to RER and free floating
-site of protein synthesis
-most are 80S except for ones in organelles (70S)

122
Q

Nucleus (Eukaryotic Cell)

A

-contains DNA
-surrounded by nuclear envelope
-nuclear pores allow nucleus to communicate with cytoplasm

123
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Eukaryotic Cell)

A

-RER: processing and sorting proteins
-SER: no ribosomes, phospholipid synthesis

124
Q

Golgi Complex (Eukaryotic Cell)

A

-transport proteins synthesized by RER

125
Q

Lysosomes (Eukaryotic Cell)

A

-formed from golgi complexes
-contain digestive enzymes

126
Q

Vacuoles (Eukaryotic Cell)

A

-space in the cytoplasm
-storage

127
Q

Mitochondria (Eukaryotic Cell)

A

-metabolism

128
Q

Chloroplast (Eukaryotic Cell)

A

-algae and green plants
-photosynthesis

129
Q

Peroxisomes (Eukaryotic Cell)

A

-similar, smaller than lysosomes
-oxidize organic substances (ie. alcohol)
-h2O2 by product decomposed by catalase

130
Q

Centrosome (Eukaryotic Cell)

A

-role in cell division

HLSC 124 - Microbiology for Health Professionals (18 decks)

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