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HLSC 124 - Microbiology for Health Professionals > Chapter 14 - Principles of Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathology

A

-the scientific study of disease

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2
Q

Etiology

A

-the cause of the disease

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3
Q

Infection

A

-the invasion or colonization of the body by microorganisms

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3
Q

Pathogenesis

A

-the manner in which the disease develops

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3
Q

Disease

A

-occurs when an infection results in any change from a state of health
-abnormal state where normal functions don’t perform

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4
Q

In Utero

A

before birth

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5
Q

Absence of Symptoms

A

-infections can occur in the absence of symptoms

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6
Q

Microbiomes

A

-microbial communities
-live in and on the human body

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6
Q

Normal Microbiota

A

-colonize but don’t produce disease under normal conditions

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7
Q

Transient Microbiota

A

-present for several days, weeks, or months then disappear

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8
Q

Factors that Affect Normal Microbiota

A

-age
-nutrition
-diet
-health status
-disability
-hospitalization
-stress
-climate
-geography
-living conditions
-occupation
-lifestyles

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9
Q

Normal Microbiota: SKIN

A

-propionibacterium
-staphylococcus
-corynebacterium
-micrococcus
-acinetobacter
-fungi

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10
Q

Skin

A

-secretions in sweat and oil glands have antimicrobial properties
-keratin resistant barrier
-low pH
-low moisture content

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11
Q

Eye

A

-same microbiota found on skin
-tears and blinking eliminate/inhibit microbes

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12
Q

Nose and Throat (URS)

A

-microbial antagonism
-nasal secretions and mucus remove microbes

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13
Q

Mouth

A

-moisture, warmth, food support large populations
-saliva has antimicrobial substances

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14
Q

Large Intestine

A

-largest numbers of resident microbiota
-mucous has antimicrobial agents

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15
Q

Urinary & Reproductive

A

-vagina: acid tolerant population
-pH and urine flow remove microorganisms

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16
Q

Microbial Antagonism/Competitive Exclusion

A

-normal microbiota benefit host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microorganisms
-nutrients, conditions, invasion

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17
Q

Candida albicans

A

-grow in vagina
-a yeast
-flourish in neutral pH

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18
Q

Symbiosis

A

-one organism is dependent on the other
-ie. normal microbiota and host

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19
Q

Bacteriocins

A

-produced in large intestine by E. coli cells
-proteins that inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria

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20
Q

Commensalism

A

-one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
-ie. S. epidermidis

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21
Q

Mutualism

A

-both organisms benefit
-ie. E. coli

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22
Q

Parasitism

A

-one organism benefits at the expense of the other
-ie. Influenza

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23
Q
A
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24
Q
A
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25
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens

A

-when a mutual organism can become harmful
-don’t cause disease in normal habitat but may in a different environment
-ie. E. coli

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26
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

-showed how a specific infectious disease (anthrax) is caused by a specific microorganism (B. anthracis)

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27
Q
A
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28
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A
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29
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. same pathogen must be present in every case
  2. pathogen must be isolated from host and grown in pure culture
  3. pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal
  4. pathogen must be isolated and shown as the original organism
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29
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates

A

-some pathogens can’t be grown on artificial media
-some pathogens cause several disease conditions
-some diseases cause different/similar signs and symptoms

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30
Q

Symptoms

A

-changes in body function
-evidence of an altered state
-subjective
-ie. pain

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31
Q

Signs

A

-objective changes
-observable and measurable
-ie. fever

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32
Q

Syndrome

A

-specific group of signs/symptoms that always accompany a particular disease

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33
Q

Communicable Disease

A

-a disease where an infectious person transmits an infectious agent
-directly or indirectly
-the other person becomes infected
-ie. chicken pox, herpes

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33
Q

Contagious Diseases

A

-capable of spreading easily and rapidly
-very communicable
-ie. measles and chicken pox

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33
Q

Noncommunicable Disease

A

-not spread from one host to another
-caused by microorganisms that normally inhabit the body
-occasionally produce disease
-ie. C. tetani

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33
Q
A
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34
Q

Incidence

A

-the number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular time period
-an indicator of spread

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35
Q

Prevalence

A

-number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specific time
-accounts for old and new cases

36
Q

Epidemic Disease

A

-many people in a given area acquire a disease in a short period
-ie. influenza, AIDS

36
Q

Endemic Disease

A

-a disease constantly present in a population
-ie. common cold

37
Q

Pandemic Disease

A

-an epidemic that occurs worldwide
-ie. AIDS, Covid-19

38
Q

Acute Disease

A

-develops rapidly but lasts only a short time
-ie. influenza

39
Q

Chronic Disease

A

-develops more slowly
-occurs for a long period of time
-ie. TB, Hep B

40
Q

Subacute Disease

A

-between acute and chronic
-ie. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

41
Q

Latent Disease

A

-causative agent remains inactive for a certain time then becomes active to produce symptoms
-ie. Shingles

42
Q

Herd Immunity

A

-an advantage of vaccination
-if most people in a population are immune
-outbreaks are limited, still susceptible people

43
Q

Local Infection

A

-invading microorganisms are limited to a smaller region of the body
-ie. abscesses

44
Q

Systemic (Generalized) Infection

A

-microorganisms are spread throughout the body by blood or lymph
-ie. measles

45
Q

Focal Infection

A

-when a local infection enters a vessel and spreads to specific areas of the body

46
Q

Sepsis

A

-toxic inflammatory condition
-arises from microbial spread via bacteria or toxins

46
Q

Septicemia

A

-aka blood poisoning
-systemic infection arising from pathogen multiplication in the blood

46
Q

Bacteremia

A

-the presence of bacteria in the blood

47
Q

Toxemia

A

-presence of toxins in the blood

48
Q

Viremia

A

-presence of viruses in the blood

49
Q

Primary Infection

A

-an acute infection that causes the initial illness

50
Q

Secondary Infection

A

-caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body’s defences

51
Q

Subclinical Infection

A

-doesn’t cause any noticeable illness
-ie. Polio and Hep A (in some cases)

52
Q

Predisposing Factor

A

-makes the body more susceptible to a disease
-alter the course and occurrence of the disease

53
Q

Incubation Period

A

-between initial infection and first appearance of signs and symptoms
-may be variable
-some diseases can be spread during this phase

54
Q

Prodromal Period

A

-relatively short
-follows period of incubation
-early, mild symptoms
-ie. aches

55
Q

Period of Illness

A

-disease is most severe
-overt signs and symptoms
-WBC count may change
-if disease not treated, patient dies in this phase

56
Q

Period of Decline

A

-signs and symptoms subside
-patient is vulnerable to secondary infection

57
Q

Period of Convalescence

A

-person regains strength
-recovery has occurred

58
Q

Reservoir of Infection

A

-a source of infection, where the organism survives till it finds a new host

59
Q

Human Reservoirs

A

-principal living reservoir
-may have signs and symptoms or not

60
Q

Carriers

A

-asymptomatic disease carriers

61
Q

Zoonoses

A

-diseases that occur in animals that can be transmitted to humans
-ie. rabies, lyme disease

62
Q

Nonliving Reservoirs

A

-ie. soil and water and food
-can carry Clostridium, Cholera, Salmonella

63
Q

Contact Transmission

A

-spread of a disease agent by direct contact, indirect contact, or droplets

64
Q

Direct Contact Transmission

A

-physical contact between source and host
-no intermediate object involved
-ie. kissing, touch, sex

65
Q

Congenital Transmission

A

-transmission of disease from mother to fetus at birth
-via placenta or contact with blood

66
Q

Indirect Contact Transmission

A

-agent is spread from reservoir to host via nonliving object
-ie. stethoscope

67
Q

Fomite

A

nonliving object involved in the spread of an infection

68
Q

Droplet Transmission

A

-microbes spread in droplet nuclei
-discharged by coughing, sneezing, laughing, talking
-travel less than 1m to host

69
Q

Vehicle Transmission

A

-transmission of disease via a medium
-air, water, food, blood, body fluids
-ie. Salmonella

70
Q

Airborne Transmission

A

-spread of agents in droplet nuclei in dust
-travel more than 1m
-ie. measles, TB

71
Q

Waterborne Transmission

A

-contaminated or untreated sewage
-ie. cholera, shigellosis

72
Q

Foodborne Transmission

A

-transmitted in foods that aren’t cooked, poorly refrigerated, prepared in unsanitary conditions

73
Q

Vectors

A

animals that carry pathogens from one host to another

74
Q

Mechanical Transmission

A

-the passive transport of the pathogen on the insects feet or other body parts
-commonly spread to food and then ingested

75
Q

Biological Transmission

A

-active process
-bite, infected blood, pathogens reproduce in the vector
-or via feces or saliva
-ie. Zika virus, Malaria

76
Q

Healthcare-associated Infections/Nosocomial Infections

A

-patients acquire while receiving treatment for other conditions
-8th leading cause of death in the US

77
Q

Factors Contributing to HAIs

A
  1. many organisms in hospital
  2. weakened status of the host
  3. chain of transmission in hospitals
78
Q

Compromised Host

A

-resistance to infection is impaired by disease
-broken skin or suppressed immune system

79
Q

HAIs

A

-catheters
-surgical site infections
-UTIs
-ventilators
-C. diff
-bloodstream
-ventilation/water system
-via staff
-food

80
Q

Universal Precaution

A

-designed to protect staff and patients
-standard and transmission-based precautions

81
Q

Standard Precautions

A

-basic, minimum practices
-all levels of care
-gloves, masks, gowns, disinfection

82
Q

Transmission Based Precautions

A

-used with individuals with known or suspected transmissible infections

83
Q

Contact Precautions

A

-feces, urine, body fluids
-ie. Salmonella, C. diff

84
Q

Droplet Precautions

A

-droplets spread short distanced
-ie. influenza, meningitis

85
Q

Airborne Precautions

A

-long distance droplet nuclei
-ie. chicken pox, measles, TB

86
Q

Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs)

A

-diseases that are new or changing
-many are zoonotic

87
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

-new strains of E. coli and avian influenza (H5N1)

88
Q

Evolution of Existing Microorganisms

A

-ie. a new serovar like V. cholerae O139

89
Q

Unwarranted Use of Antibiotics and Pesticides

A

-growth of more resistant microbes and vectors that carry them

90
Q

Global Warming

A

-increase survival and distribution of reservoirs and vectors
-ie. malaria

91
Q

Modern Transportation

A

-known diseases spread to new places
-ie. Zika virus, West Nile

92
Q

Human Travellers

A

-brought by insect vectors on travellers
-ie. Yellow fever

93
Q

Animal Control

A

-increase in Lyme disease due to rising deer populations

94
Q

Bioterrorism

A

-act of violence to produce death and disease
-ie. Anthrax

HLSC 124 - Microbiology for Health Professionals (18 decks)

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