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HLSC 124 - Microbiology for Health Professionals > Chapter 25 - Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 25 - Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is dental plaque?

A

an accumulation of microorganisms that are involved in tooth decay

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2
Q

What is dental caries?

A

tooth decay

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3
Q

What directly attacks tooth enamel?

A

lactic acid that was created by sucrose that bacteria broke down

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4
Q

What bacteria causes tooth decay?

A

Streptococcus mutans

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5
Q

Streptococcus Mutans

A

-gram-positive
-cocci
-tolerates high level of acidity
-capsule

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6
Q

How does S. mutans attach?

A

capsuke

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7
Q

Dextran

A

a gummy polysaccharide synthesized by S. mutans to form plaque

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8
Q

Stage 1 of Periodontal Disease

A

-S. mutins attaches via capsule
-builds up plaque by breaking down dextran and fermenting sugar into lactic acid
-results in tooth decay

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9
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

-produced by saliva to protect exposed enamel

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10
Q

Periodontal Disease

A

-a number of conditions characterized by inflammation and degeneration of teeth structures

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11
Q

Stage 2 of Periodontal Disease: Gingivitis

A

-inflammation of the gums
-bleeding gums

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12
Q

What bacteria cause gingivitis?

A

-S. mutins
-Bacteriodetes
-Fusobacteria

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13
Q

What can gingivitis progress into?

A

Periodontitis

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14
Q

Stage 3 Periodontal Disease: Periodontitis

A

-chronic condition
-gum-line recedes
-periodontal pockets fill with pus
-bone and tissue destruction

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15
Q

What fills the pus of periodontitis?

A

exotoxins

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16
Q

What are porphyromonas species?

A

-bacteria that cause periodontitis

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17
Q

What are the general gastroenteritis symptoms?

A

-fever
-nausea
-vomiting
-diarrhea, dysentery (blood), or constipation
-possible shock

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18
Q

Infection vs. Intoxication

A

-infection involved incubation of an organism
-intoxication involves ingesting toxins

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19
Q

How are infection and intoxication treated?

A

-ORT
-antibiotics

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20
Q

Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)

A

-ingestion of electrolytes, soup, easy foods

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21
Q

What pathogen causes staphylococcal food poisioning?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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22
Q

S. aureus food poisoning is an infection/intoxication (pick one)

A

intoxication; it involves an enterotoxin

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23
Q

Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by ingesting…

A

contaminated high protein foods (ie. cured ham)

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of staphylococcal food poisioning?

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

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25
Q

How does a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak occur?

A

-food is contaminated during handling
-food is improperly stored, incubation occurs
-toxins released
-food is eaten

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26
Q

How long does staphylococcal intoxication take to occur?

A

1-6 hours (pretty quick)

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27
Q

Will reheating the food get rid of the toxin?

A

no

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28
Q

What is another term for shigellosis?

A

bacillary dysentery

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29
Q

Shigellosis in an i_______ and has a longer incubation period of ___ hour to ___ weeks

A

infection; 12 hours to 2 weeks

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30
Q

What pathogen causes shigellosis?

A

shigella dystenteriae

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31
Q

Shigella

A

-gram-negative
-rods
-facultative anaerobes

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32
Q

Does shigella use animals as a reservoir?

A

no, only person to person

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33
Q

What toxin is produced by S. dysenteriae?

A

Shiga toxin

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34
Q

What are the symptoms of shigellosis?

A

-tissue damage
-dysentery

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35
Q

What does shigella do to cells in the large intestine?

A

blocks protein synthesis and leads to cell death

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36
Q

Shigellosis cause cause up to ___ bowel movements in one day.

A

20

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37
Q

Shigellosis is spread by what route?

A

fecal-oral

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38
Q

Shigellosis is common in _____ _____ centres

A

day care

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39
Q

What toxins are used by S. dystenteriae?

A

-endotoxin (symptoms)
-shiga exotoxin

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40
Q

How is shigellosis diagnosed?

A

isolation of bacteria

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41
Q

How is shigellosis treated?

A

-ORT
-quinolones

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42
Q

What bacteria causes salmonellosis?

A

Salmonella enterica

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43
Q

Salmonella enterica

A

-gram-negative
-facultative anaerobe
-rods

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44
Q

Salmonellosis is always a _____ borne infection.

A

food borne infection

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45
Q

What are some possible food sources of salmonellosis?

A

beef, poultry, eggs, veggies, pets

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46
Q

Salmonellosis symptoms

A

nausea and diarrhea

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47
Q

Is salmonellosis an infection or intoxication?

A

infection via an endotoxin

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48
Q

How is salmonellosis treated?

A

ORT

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49
Q

What is the pathogen that causes typhoid fever?

A

Salmonella typhi

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50
Q

What are the symptoms of typhoid fever?

A

-high fever
-vomiting
-severe diarrhea or constipation
-high mortality
-rose spots (abdominal rash)
-hemorrhaging

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51
Q

Is typhoid fever spread by a food source?

A

no, only human source

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52
Q

S. typhi carriers are _____ long

A

lifelong

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53
Q

Where is S. typhi stored in lifelong carriers?

A

gallbladder

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54
Q

What is used to treat typhoid fever?

A

-quinolones
-cephalosporins

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55
Q

Is S. typhi an infection or intoxication?

A

infection via endotoxin

56
Q

S. typhi is spread how?

A

fecal-oral transmission

57
Q

What pathogen causes cholera?

A

Vibrio cholerae

58
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

-gram-negative
-curved rod
-single polar flagellum

59
Q

Does cholera produce an exotoxin?

A

yes, cholera toxin

60
Q

What does cholera toxin do?

A

causes cells to secrete water and electrolytes

61
Q

What are the symptoms of cholera?

A

-rice water stool
-severe dehydration

62
Q

How is cholera treated?

A

ORT then tetracycline

63
Q

If untreated, cholera can lead to…

A

shock and multiple organ failure

64
Q

E. coli gastroenteritis attaches to _______ cells

A

intestinal

65
Q

Does E. coli gastroenteritis produce toxins?

A

yes

66
Q

How many forms of E. coli gastroenteritis are there?

A

5

67
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)

A

-secretes enterotoxins that cause diarrhea
-responsible for 60-65% of travellers diarrhea cases

68
Q

ETEC is often fatal for children under age ___

A

5

69
Q

Are ETEC bacteria invasive?

A

no, they remain in the intestinal lumen

70
Q

What is the most common E. coli form?

A

ETEC

71
Q

Enteroaggregative E. Coli (EAEC)

A

-found only in humans
-create a brick wall configuration when grown
-cause 35-40% of travellers diarrhea

72
Q

IS EAEC invasive?

A

no

73
Q

Does EAEC produce an enterotoxin?

A

yes, causes watery diarrhea

74
Q

Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC)

A

-has a shiga-like toxin
-Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome that affects kidneys and blood clotting

75
Q

Enteroinvasive E. Coli (EIEC)

A

-synonymous with shigella
-causes dysentery
-affects Large intestin

76
Q

Is EIEC invasive?

A

yes

77
Q

Enteropathogenic E. Coli (EPEC)

A

-major cause of diarrhea in infants

78
Q

What pathogen causes campylobacter gastroenteritis?

A

campylobacter jejuni

79
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

-gram-negative
-microaerophilic
-spiral shaped

80
Q

What are the symptoms of campylobacter gastroenteritis?

A

-fever
-abdominal pain
-diarrhea

81
Q

Is campylobacter gastroenteritis an intoxication or infection?

A

infection

82
Q

What is the reservoir for campylobacter gastroenteritis?

A

chicken and cow’s milk

83
Q

What is ‘Guillain-Barré Syndrome’?

A

-a rare complication of campylobacter gastroenteritis
-temporary paralysis

84
Q

How is campylobacter gastroenteritis treated?

A

azithromycin

85
Q

What pathogen causes peptic ulcer disease?

A

Helicobacter pylori

86
Q

What symptoms accompany peptic ulcer disease?

A

duodenal and gastric ulcers

87
Q

Is peptic ulcer disease an infection or intoxication?

A

infection

88
Q

Only ___% of people infected with helicobacter pylori develop peptic ulcers and ___% develop gastric cancer

A

15; 3

89
Q

How does helicobacter pylori move?

A

Flagella

90
Q

Does helicobacter pylori have a toxin?

A

yes, exotoxin that inhibits peptic acid production and increases urease enzyme

91
Q

What does urease enzyme do?

A

digests urea into ammonia creating an alkaline pH

92
Q

How is helicobacter pylori (peptic ulcer disease) diagnosed?

A

-stool sample
-urea breath analysis

93
Q

How is peptic ulcer disease treated?

A

metronidazole

94
Q

What does C. difficile use to attach?

A

endospores

95
Q

C. diff is a common n________ infection

A

nosocomial

96
Q

C. Diff can also result from…

A

-long term antibiotic use

97
Q

What kind of exotoxin does C. diff have?

A

A-B exotoxin

98
Q

What is mumps caused by?

A

mumps virus

99
Q

What are the symptoms of mumps?

A

-swollen parotid glands
-difficulty chewing, swallowing
-headache

100
Q

What is the incubation period of mumps?

A

16-18 days

101
Q

Is there a treatment for mumps?

A

no

102
Q

Is there a vaccine for mumps?

A

MMR vaccine

103
Q

Mumps can also cause viral _________

A

anorexia

104
Q

Orchitis

A

-a symptom of mumps in males
-swollen testes

105
Q

What are possible mumps complications?

A

-meningitis
-ovarian inflammation
-pancreatitis

106
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

virus that causes inflammation of the liver

107
Q

Hep A is aka “__________” form

A

infectious

108
Q

How does Hep A transmitted?

A

fecal-oral route

109
Q

Hep A Symptoms

A

-jaundice
-anorexia
-nausea
-diarrhea
-abdominal pain
-fever
-chills

110
Q

Is Hep A acute or chronic?

A

acute

111
Q

Is there a Hep A vaccine?

A

yes, it is in the form of the inactive virus

112
Q

Hep B is aka “________” form

A

serum

113
Q

How is Hep B transmitted?

A

-parenteral (blood entry)
-sexual entry (STI)

114
Q

Hep B is a ________ virion

A

complete virus particle

115
Q

Is Hep B acute or chronic?

A

-85% cases are acute
-15% cases are chronic and lead to cancer or cirrhosis

116
Q

Is there a Hep B vaccine?

A

-yes, it is a recombinant vaccine made of yeast and capsid particles
-boosters needed

117
Q

Hep ___ is the surrogate to Hep D

A

B

118
Q

What is Hep C also known as?

A

non-A non-B Hepatitis

119
Q

How is Hep C transmitted?

A

-parenteral via transfusion of blood, semen, saliva, intravenous drug use

120
Q

Is there a vaccine for Hep C?

A

not yet

121
Q

How is Hep C similar to AIDS?

A

-it kills many people
-the virus changes like HIV

122
Q

What is used to treat Hep C?

A

-ribovirin
-interferons

123
Q

Opposite to Hep B, ___% of cases are acute and ____% are chronic

A

15; 85

124
Q

What is a disadvantage of the current Hep C treatment? (Hint: $)

A

it is very expensive

125
Q

Hep D is aka “__________” form

A

defective

126
Q

Hep D is very similar to Hep __

A

B (in terms of spread and symptoms)

127
Q

Is there a vaccine for Hep D?

A

same as B (HBV vaccine)

128
Q

Does Hep D have complete virions?

A

no, it is missing the capsid

129
Q

After acute Hep B is cleared from the system, Hep D also _________

A

disappears

130
Q

If the Hep B infection progressed to chronic Hep B, Hep D accompanies as a __________

A

superinfection; increases liver damage and fatality rate

131
Q

Hep E is similar to Hep ___

A

A

132
Q

Is there a vaccine for Hep E?

A

yes the HAV vaccine

133
Q

Can Hep E progress to chronic form?

A

no, only acute

134
Q

How is Hep E spread?

A

fecal-oral route

135
Q

When is Hep E especially dangerous?

A

during pregnancy is has a 20% mortality rate

HLSC 124 - Microbiology for Health Professionals (18 decks)

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