Chapter 25 - Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
What is dental plaque?
A
an accumulation of microorganisms that are involved in tooth decay
2
Q
What is dental caries?
A
tooth decay
3
Q
What directly attacks tooth enamel?
A
lactic acid that was created by sucrose that bacteria broke down
4
Q
What bacteria causes tooth decay?
A
Streptococcus mutans
5
Q
Streptococcus Mutans
A
-gram-positive
-cocci
-tolerates high level of acidity
-capsule
6
Q
How does S. mutans attach?
A
capsuke
7
Q
Dextran
A
a gummy polysaccharide synthesized by S. mutans to form plaque
8
Q
Stage 1 of Periodontal Disease
A
-S. mutins attaches via capsule
-builds up plaque by breaking down dextran and fermenting sugar into lactic acid
-results in tooth decay
9
Q
What is lysozyme?
A
-produced by saliva to protect exposed enamel
10
Q
Periodontal Disease
A
-a number of conditions characterized by inflammation and degeneration of teeth structures
11
Q
Stage 2 of Periodontal Disease: Gingivitis
A
-inflammation of the gums
-bleeding gums
12
Q
What bacteria cause gingivitis?
A
-S. mutins
-Bacteriodetes
-Fusobacteria
13
Q
What can gingivitis progress into?
A
Periodontitis
14
Q
Stage 3 Periodontal Disease: Periodontitis
A
-chronic condition
-gum-line recedes
-periodontal pockets fill with pus
-bone and tissue destruction
15
Q
What fills the pus of periodontitis?
A
exotoxins
16
Q
What are porphyromonas species?
A
-bacteria that cause periodontitis
17
Q
What are the general gastroenteritis symptoms?
A
-fever
-nausea
-vomiting
-diarrhea, dysentery (blood), or constipation
-possible shock
18
Q
Infection vs. Intoxication
A
-infection involved incubation of an organism
-intoxication involves ingesting toxins
19
Q
How are infection and intoxication treated?
A
-ORT
-antibiotics
20
Q
Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)
A
-ingestion of electrolytes, soup, easy foods
21
Q
What pathogen causes staphylococcal food poisioning?
A
Staphylococcus aureus
22
Q
S. aureus food poisoning is an infection/intoxication (pick one)
A
intoxication; it involves an enterotoxin
23
Q
Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by ingesting…
A
contaminated high protein foods (ie. cured ham)
24
Q
What are the symptoms of staphylococcal food poisioning?
A
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
25
How does a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak occur?
-food is contaminated during handling
-food is improperly stored, incubation occurs
-toxins released
-food is eaten
26
How long does staphylococcal intoxication take to occur?
1-6 hours (pretty quick)
27
Will reheating the food get rid of the toxin?
no
28
What is another term for shigellosis?
bacillary dysentery
29
Shigellosis in an i_______ and has a longer incubation period of ___ hour to ___ weeks
infection; 12 hours to 2 weeks
30
What pathogen causes shigellosis?
shigella dystenteriae
31
Shigella
-gram-negative
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
32
Does shigella use animals as a reservoir?
no, only person to person
33
What toxin is produced by S. dysenteriae?
Shiga toxin
34
What are the symptoms of shigellosis?
-tissue damage
-dysentery
35
What does shigella do to cells in the large intestine?
blocks protein synthesis and leads to cell death
36
Shigellosis cause cause up to ___ bowel movements in one day.
20
37
Shigellosis is spread by what route?
fecal-oral
38
Shigellosis is common in _____ _____ centres
day care
39
What toxins are used by S. dystenteriae?
-endotoxin (symptoms)
-shiga exotoxin
40
How is shigellosis diagnosed?
isolation of bacteria
41
How is shigellosis treated?
-ORT
-quinolones
42
What bacteria causes salmonellosis?
Salmonella enterica
43
Salmonella enterica
-gram-negative
-facultative anaerobe
-rods
44
Salmonellosis is always a _____ borne infection.
food borne infection
45
What are some possible food sources of salmonellosis?
beef, poultry, eggs, veggies, pets
46
Salmonellosis symptoms
nausea and diarrhea
47
Is salmonellosis an infection or intoxication?
infection via an endotoxin
48
How is salmonellosis treated?
ORT
49
What is the pathogen that causes typhoid fever?
Salmonella typhi
50
What are the symptoms of typhoid fever?
-high fever
-vomiting
-severe diarrhea or constipation
-high mortality
-rose spots (abdominal rash)
-hemorrhaging
51
Is typhoid fever spread by a food source?
no, only human source
52
S. typhi carriers are _____ long
lifelong
53
Where is S. typhi stored in lifelong carriers?
gallbladder
54
What is used to treat typhoid fever?
-quinolones
-cephalosporins
55
Is S. typhi an infection or intoxication?
infection via endotoxin
56
S. typhi is spread how?
fecal-oral transmission
57
What pathogen causes cholera?
Vibrio cholerae
58
Vibrio cholerae
-gram-negative
-curved rod
-single polar flagellum
59
Does cholera produce an exotoxin?
yes, cholera toxin
60
What does cholera toxin do?
causes cells to secrete water and electrolytes
61
What are the symptoms of cholera?
-rice water stool
-severe dehydration
62
How is cholera treated?
ORT then tetracycline
63
If untreated, cholera can lead to...
shock and multiple organ failure
64
E. coli gastroenteritis attaches to _______ cells
intestinal
65
Does E. coli gastroenteritis produce toxins?
yes
66
How many forms of E. coli gastroenteritis are there?
5
67
Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)
-secretes enterotoxins that cause diarrhea
-responsible for 60-65% of travellers diarrhea cases
68
ETEC is often fatal for children under age ___
5
69
Are ETEC bacteria invasive?
no, they remain in the intestinal lumen
70
What is the most common E. coli form?
ETEC
71
Enteroaggregative E. Coli (EAEC)
-found only in humans
-create a brick wall configuration when grown
-cause 35-40% of travellers diarrhea
72
IS EAEC invasive?
no
73
Does EAEC produce an enterotoxin?
yes, causes watery diarrhea
74
Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC)
-has a shiga-like toxin
-Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome that affects kidneys and blood clotting
75
Enteroinvasive E. Coli (EIEC)
-synonymous with shigella
-causes dysentery
-affects Large intestin
76
Is EIEC invasive?
yes
77
Enteropathogenic E. Coli (EPEC)
-major cause of diarrhea in infants
78
What pathogen causes campylobacter gastroenteritis?
campylobacter jejuni
79
Campylobacter jejuni
-gram-negative
-microaerophilic
-spiral shaped
80
What are the symptoms of campylobacter gastroenteritis?
-fever
-abdominal pain
-diarrhea
81
Is campylobacter gastroenteritis an intoxication or infection?
infection
82
What is the reservoir for campylobacter gastroenteritis?
chicken and cow's milk
83
What is 'Guillain-Barré Syndrome'?
-a rare complication of campylobacter gastroenteritis
-temporary paralysis
84
How is campylobacter gastroenteritis treated?
azithromycin
85
What pathogen causes peptic ulcer disease?
Helicobacter pylori
86
What symptoms accompany peptic ulcer disease?
duodenal and gastric ulcers
87
Is peptic ulcer disease an infection or intoxication?
infection
88
Only ___% of people infected with helicobacter pylori develop peptic ulcers and ___% develop gastric cancer
15; 3
89
How does helicobacter pylori move?
Flagella
90
Does helicobacter pylori have a toxin?
yes, exotoxin that inhibits peptic acid production and increases urease enzyme
91
What does urease enzyme do?
digests urea into ammonia creating an alkaline pH
92
How is helicobacter pylori (peptic ulcer disease) diagnosed?
-stool sample
-urea breath analysis
93
How is peptic ulcer disease treated?
metronidazole
94
What does C. difficile use to attach?
endospores
95
C. diff is a common n________ infection
nosocomial
96
C. Diff can also result from...
-long term antibiotic use
97
What kind of exotoxin does C. diff have?
A-B exotoxin
98
What is mumps caused by?
mumps virus
99
What are the symptoms of mumps?
-swollen parotid glands
-difficulty chewing, swallowing
-headache
100
What is the incubation period of mumps?
16-18 days
101
Is there a treatment for mumps?
no
102
Is there a vaccine for mumps?
MMR vaccine
103
Mumps can also cause viral _________
anorexia
104
Orchitis
-a symptom of mumps in males
-swollen testes
105
What are possible mumps complications?
-meningitis
-ovarian inflammation
-pancreatitis
106
What is hepatitis?
virus that causes inflammation of the liver
107
Hep A is aka "__________" form
infectious
108
How does Hep A transmitted?
fecal-oral route
109
Hep A Symptoms
-jaundice
-anorexia
-nausea
-diarrhea
-abdominal pain
-fever
-chills
110
Is Hep A acute or chronic?
acute
111
Is there a Hep A vaccine?
yes, it is in the form of the inactive virus
112
Hep B is aka "________" form
serum
113
How is Hep B transmitted?
-parenteral (blood entry)
-sexual entry (STI)
114
Hep B is a ________ virion
complete virus particle
115
Is Hep B acute or chronic?
-85% cases are acute
-15% cases are chronic and lead to cancer or cirrhosis
116
Is there a Hep B vaccine?
-yes, it is a recombinant vaccine made of yeast and capsid particles
-boosters needed
117
Hep ___ is the surrogate to Hep D
B
118
What is Hep C also known as?
non-A non-B Hepatitis
119
How is Hep C transmitted?
-parenteral via transfusion of blood, semen, saliva, intravenous drug use
120
Is there a vaccine for Hep C?
not yet
121
How is Hep C similar to AIDS?
-it kills many people
-the virus changes like HIV
122
What is used to treat Hep C?
-ribovirin
-interferons
123
Opposite to Hep B, ___% of cases are acute and ____% are chronic
15; 85
124
What is a disadvantage of the current Hep C treatment? (Hint: $)
it is very expensive
125
Hep D is aka "__________" form
defective
126
Hep D is very similar to Hep __
B (in terms of spread and symptoms)
127
Is there a vaccine for Hep D?
same as B (HBV vaccine)
128
Does Hep D have complete virions?
no, it is missing the capsid
129
After acute Hep B is cleared from the system, Hep D also _________
disappears
130
If the Hep B infection progressed to chronic Hep B, Hep D accompanies as a __________
superinfection; increases liver damage and fatality rate
131
Hep E is similar to Hep ___
A
132
Is there a vaccine for Hep E?
yes the HAV vaccine
133
Can Hep E progress to chronic form?
no, only acute
134
How is Hep E spread?
fecal-oral route
135
When is Hep E especially dangerous?
during pregnancy is has a 20% mortality rate
