Chapter 23 - Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Flashcards
What is septicemia?
-acute illness associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms in the blood
What is sepsis?
-systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
-caused by a focus of infection that releases mediators of inflammation into the blood stream
What diseases often accompanies sepsis and septicemia?
lymphangitis
What is lymphangitis?
-inflamed lymph vessels that appear as red streaks under the skin
Severe Sepsis
-drop in blood pressure
-dysfunction of at least one organ
Septic Shock
-final stage
-blood pressure can’t be controlled
-organs begin to fail
Symptoms of Sepsis
-fever
-chills
-accelerated breathing and heart rate
What is another name for puerperal sepsis?
childbirth fever
What bacteria causes puerperal sepsis?
-Group A Streptococcus Pyogenes
How is puerperal sepsis transmitted?
-to mother during childbirth by the healthcare team
What does puerperal sepsis lead to?
septic shock
What antibiotic is used to treat puerperal sepsis?
penicillin
What is Rheumatic fever?
-an autoimmune complication of S. pyogenes infections
What antibiotic is used to treat Rheumatic Fever?
penicillin
What are the initial symptoms of Rheumatic fever?
-short period of arthritis and fever
-subcutaneous nodules at joints
What can Rheumatic fever lead to in the heart?
-mitral valve stenosis
-inflammation of the hear
-chest pain, heart murmur, heart failure
Who discovered the bacteria that causes anthrax? What is it?
Robert Koch discovered Bacillus anthracis
What are the 3 unique characteristics of B. anthracis?
-forms endospores
-has an unusual capsule
-produces 3 exotoxins
What are the 3 exotoxins produced by B. anthracis?
-protective antigen: binds to target cells and permits entry
-edema toxin: causes local swelling
-lethal toxin: kills macrophages to evade phagocytosis
What is used to treat anthrax?
ciprofloxacin
What are the 3 forms of anthrax?
- GI anthrax
- Inhalation (pulmonary) anthrax
- Cutaneous anthrax
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
-ingestion of undercooked or contaminated food
-results in hemorrhaging
What is the mortality rate of GI anthrax?
50%
Pulmonary Anthrax
-most dangerous
-inhalation of endospores
-very fast septicemia
What is the mortality rate of pulmonary anthrax?
100%
Cutaneous Anthrax
-endospores enter through a break in the skin
-leads to skin eschar
What is the mortality rate of cutaneous anthrax?
20%
Is there an anthrax vaccine?
-Yes, you need 6 doses and a yearly booster
-Commonly given to front-line workers
What antibiotics are used for anthrax?
doxycycline or ciprofloxacin
Ischemia
-when a wound causes blood supply to tissue to be interrupted
Necrosis
tissue death
Gangrene
the death of soft tissue resulting from loss of blood supply
What is the bacteria involved in gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens
C. perfringens
-gram positive
-endospores
-anaerobes
Gas Gangrene
-develops after ischemia and necrosis
What characterizes gangrene?
-blackening of tissue
-oozing body fluid
What makes up the ‘gas’?
-C. perfringens ferments carbohydrates and produces gases like CO2 and H2
What does the alpha toxin produced by C. perfringens do?
-breaks apart the plasma membrane of blood vessels
-inhibits lecithin
How is gangrene treated?
-surgical removal of necrotic tissue
-amputation
What can gangrene lead to?
-systemic illnesses and bloodstream infection that can be life threatening
What bacteria causes spotted fever?
Rickettsia rickettsii
Spotted fever is often mistaken for measles but differs in that…
the spotted fever macular rash also appears on palms of hands and soles of feet
What symptoms accompany spotted fever?
-macular rash
-fever
-headache
How is spotted fever spread?
tick bites
What is used to treat spotted fever?
tetracycline and chloramphenicol
Is there a vaccine for spotted fever?
no
What is another name for HHV-4?
Epstein-Barr Virus
What 4 viral diseases are caused by HHV-4?
-Burkitt’s Lymphoma
-Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
-Mononucleosis
-Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
What is Burkitt’s Lymphoma?
-a fast growing tumour of the jaw
-most common cause of childhood cancer in Africa
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
-cancer of the nose and throat
-affects B-cell growth, this is also the site of latency
How is mononucleosis spread?
saliva
What is the incubation period of mononucleosis?
4-8 weeks
Symptoms of Mono
-fever
-sore throat (with pus)
-extreme fatigue
-enlarged lymph nodes
-enlarged spleen
With mono, what is unusual about the B-lymphocytes?
-abnormal proliferation
-unusual lobed nuclei
-used to diagnose by heterophile antibodies
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
-muscle fatigue, memory loss, enlarged lymph nodes
What herpes strain causes Cytomegalovirus?
HHSV-5
Cytomegalovirus is an infection of the ____ cells.
T cells; swell 2-3x normal size
Owl Eye Cells
characteristic of HHSV-5 cells that have inclusions that look like owl eyes
Where does HHSV-5 lay latent?
white blood cells (T cells)
How is HHSV-5 transmitted?
across the placenta or via saliva, semen, blood, vaginal secretions, breast milk
What is the effect of HHSV-5 in babies?
severe mental retardation or hearing loss
Cytomegalovirus retinitis
-eye infection of HIV patients who have HHSV-5
Is there a vaccine for HHSV-5?
no
What protozoa causes Malaria?
Plasmodium vivax
Malaria has ___ hosts.
2
Definitive Host
mosquito
Intermediate Host
human
Where do 90% of malaria deaths occur?
Africa
What are the symptoms of malaria?
chills followed by hot flash, fever, vomiting, severe headache, sweating, aches, anemia, enlarged liver and spleen, kidney damage
Malaria symptoms occur in _______ with _______ periods.
intervals; asymptomatic
What is used to prevent malaria when traveling?
chroloquine
What is used to treat malaria?
oral quinine and doxycycline to break the cycle
How is malaria controlled
-bed nets (mosquito is a night feeder)
Where do stages 1-6 of the malaria cycle occur?
in humans
Where do stages 7-9 of the malaria cycle occur?
mosquito intestine
Malaria ______ reproduces in humans and ______ reproduces in mosquitos
asexually; sexually
Stage 1 Malaria
-infected mosquito bites human
-sporozites migrate through human bloodstream to liver
Stage 2 Malaria
-sporozites undergo schizogony in liver cell
-merozoites produced
Stage 3 Malaria
-merozoites released into blood
Stage 4 Malaria
-merozoite develops into ring stage in RBC
Stage 5 Malaria
-ring stage grows and divides
-merozoites produced
Stage 6 Malaria
-merozoites released upon RBC rupture
-some infect new blood cells
-some develop into M and F gametocytes
Stage 7 Malaria
-another mosquito bites human
-ingests gametocytes
Stage 8 Malaria
-gametocytes unite to form zygote in mosquito GI tract
Stage 9 Malaria
-sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito
