Chapter 26 - Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Flashcards
Do any of these diseases involve endo or exotoxins?
NO!
Is urine sterile?
Heck no
What is cystitis?
inflammation of the urinary bladder
Why is cystitis more common in females?
-they have a shorter urethra so bacteria travels easier to the bladder
-they also have an easier entry point for bacteria (urethra is near anus)
What are the symptoms of cystitis?
-dysuria (painful urination)
-pyuria (pus/leukocytes in urine)
75% of cystitis is cause by ________ and the other 25% is caused by _________
E. coli; Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Which form of the cystitis infection is more dangerous?
E. coli
What is honeymoon cystitis?
-UTI caused by sexual intercourse
What % of female cystitis infections are caused by sexual intercourse?
33%
Contraceptive use is associated with cystitis is females or males?
females
What does cystitis in males often cause?
-enlarged prostate gland
-impeded urine flow
What is used to treat cystitis?
trimethoprim-sulfamethexazole
What is urethritis?
inflammation of the urethra
What is pyelonephritis?
inflammation of one or both kidneys
What pathogen causes pyelonephritis?
E. coli
Pyelonephritis happens in 25% of untreated _______ cases
cystitis
Symptoms of Pyelonephritis
-fever
-chills
-nausea
-vomiting
-back pain
What occurs in chronic pyelonephritis?
-scar tissue on kidneys impairs their function
What is a symptom of chronic pyelonephritis?
excessive sweating
What antibiotic is used to treat pyelonephritis?
cephalosporins
What pathogen causes gonorrhea?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
-gram-negative
-diplococci
-attach via fimbriae
Where does gonorrhea attach?
oral or urogenital mucosa
What is “the drip”?
-a symptom of gonorrhea in males
-pus discharge with microbes in it
What is a possible result of gonorrhea in males?
-infection moves upwards and impedes testicular function
-can lead to sterility
Which region of the female does gonorrhea affect?
cervical region
Symptoms of Gonorrhea in Females
-females are mostly asymptomatic
-burning cervix
-difficulty urinating
If gonorrhea moves upward in females it can lead to…
-transmission to baby if pregnant
Neonatal Gonorrheal Opthalmia
blindness in newborns
How does pharyngeal gonorrhea occur?
oral sex transmission
How does anal gonorrhea occur?
-anal sex
-spread from genitals
If untreated gonorrhea can lead to…
-endocarditis
-meningitis
-arthritis
How is gonorrhea treated?
-cephalosporins
-fluoroquinolones
How is gonorrhea diagnosed?
-gram stain
-ELISA
-PCR
What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?
term form any extensive bacterial infection of the female pelvic organs
What are serious complications of PID?
-fallopian tube rupture
-sterility
PID is a polymicrobial infection meaning…
-it can be caused by many bateria
-usually N. gonorrhoea and Chlamydia trachomatis
Salpingitis
-infection of the uterine tubes
-most serious form of PID
PID can lead to an ________ pregnancy (Hint: in uterine tube)
ectopic
What is PID treated using?
-doxycycline and cefoxitin
What is nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)?
any inflammation of the urethra not caused by N. gonorrhoeae
What are the symptoms of NGU?
-painful urination
-water discharge
-PID
What usually causes NGU?
Chlamydia trachomatis
How is NGU diagnosed?
-culturing
-PCR
How is NGU treated?
-doxycycline
-azithromycin
What bacteria causes syphilis?
Treponema palladium
Where does syphilis invade?
mucosa or skin breaks
Primary Stage Syphilis
-chancre (pus filled sore)
-bacteria has spread to CV and lymphatic system
Where does the chancre infect women?
cervix
Secondary Stage Syphilis
-oral sores
-skin rash all over body (even palms and soles)
-fever, lethargy, weakness, hair loss
How is syphilis spread?
-sexual intercourse
-asexually (ie. contact with healthcare staff)
Latent Syphilis
-no symptoms
-danger of congenital infection (damage to fetus)
What is the frequency of syphilis cases entering the tertiary stage?
25% of untreated cases after many years of latent phase
What is tertiary syphilis classified by?
-Gummas lesions on skin and organs
What is used to treat syphilis?
benzathine penicillin
