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HLSC 124 - Microbiology for Health Professionals > Chapter 24 - Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the diseases of the upper respiratory tract?

A

-strep throat
-scarlet fever
-otitis media
-diphtheria

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2
Q

What is the scientific name for “strep throat”?

A

streptococcal pharyngitis

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3
Q

Which pathogen causes strep throat?

A

GAS (group A streptococci pyogenes)

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4
Q

Why is GAS so pathogenic?

A

have M proteins that resist phagocytosis

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5
Q

What are the two enzymes produced by GAS?

A

streptokinases and streptolysins

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6
Q

Streptokinases

A

lyse fibrin clots

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7
Q

Streptolysins

A

are cytotoxic to tissue cells, RBCs and leukocytes

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of strep throat?

A

-redness
-inflammation
-tonsilitis
-enlarged lymph nodes

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9
Q

How is strep throat diagnosed?

A

throat swab cultured on blood agar

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10
Q

Exudate

A

fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into nearby tissues made of cells and proteins

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11
Q

What antibiotic is used to treat strep throat?

A

penicillin

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12
Q

What is the sequel to strep throat?

A

scarlet fever

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13
Q

What is the toxin produced by S. pyogenes that results in scarlet fever?

A

erythrogenic toxin

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14
Q

Is erythrogenic toxin an endotoxin or exotoxin?

A

exotoxin

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15
Q

The strain that produced scarlet fever has bee lysogenized meaning…

A

the genetic information of a bacteriophage has been incorporated into the chromosomes of the bacteria, altering them

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of scarlet fever?

A

-red skin rash
-high fever
-swollen, strawberry red tongue
-red cheeks

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17
Q

What can scarlet fever develop into left untreated?

A

Rheumatic fever

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18
Q

S_______ P_______ E________

A

strep pyrogenic exotoxin

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19
Q

What organism is responsible for diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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20
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

-gram-positive
-rod
-pleomorphic

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21
Q

Diphtheria is a p__________ disease.

A

progressive

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22
Q

What kind of exotoxin does diphtheria produce?

A

A-B exotoxin

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23
Q

What does the diphtheria exotoxin do?

A

circulate in blood and damage heart and kidneys

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24
Q

Diphtheria Phase I Symptoms

A

-mild fever
-sore throat
-fatigue
-swelling of the neck

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25
Q

What is used to treat phase I diphtheria?

A

erythromycin

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26
Q

Diphtheria Phase II Symptoms

A

-fluid oozes out that thickens and coats the respiratory tract
-resulting in a PSEUDOMEMBRANE

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27
Q

How is a pseudomembrane removed?

A

surgical removal

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28
Q

Diphtheria Phase III Symptoms

A

-pseudomembrane covers respiratory tract and occludes airways
-leads to possible suffocation or death

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29
Q

How is diphtheria phase III treated?

A

-tracheostomy tube

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30
Q

What does the D in ‘‘DTaP’’ stand for?

A

-diphtheria toxoid, an inactivated toxin
-produced antibodies against diphtheria toxin

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31
Q

What is cutaneous diphtheria?

A

-ulcer or skin lesion
-covered with a grey membrane

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32
Q

What circulatory symptom sets in with cutaneous diphtheria?

A

septicemia

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33
Q

What do antibiotics need to be mixed with when treating diphtheria? Why?

A

-antitoxin
-antibiotics don’t neutralize diphtheria toxin

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34
Q

What is a common complication of respiratory tract infections?

A

otitis media

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35
Q

What is otitis media?

A

middle infection ear

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36
Q

Otitis media affects ___% of children before age 3.

A

85%

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37
Q

What forms that puts pressure on the ear drum and causes pain?

A

pus

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38
Q

What is used to treat otitis media?

A

semi-synthetic penicillin aka amoxicillin

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39
Q

What are some of the bacteria that cause otitis media?

A

-S. pneumoniae
-H. influenzae
-Moraxella sp.
-S. pyogenes
-viruses (RSV)

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40
Q

What is the most common cause of otitis media?

A

S. pneumoniae

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41
Q

What is another name for pertussis?

A

whooping cough

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42
Q

Pertussis is an infection of the _________ respiratory tract.

A

lower

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43
Q

What pathogen causes pertussis?

A

Bordetella pertussis

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44
Q

Bordetella pertussis

A

-obligate aerobe
-gram-negative
-coccobacilli
-has a capsule

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45
Q

How and where does pertussis attach?

A

-by a capsule
-to ciliated cells in the trachea

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46
Q

What does the aP in “DTaP” stand for?

A

acellular pertussis

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47
Q

What are the toxins produced by pertussis?

A

-tracheal cytotoxin
-pertussis toxin

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48
Q

What do the pertussis toxins produce?

A

-damage to ciliated cells
-mucus

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49
Q

Does pertussis produce an endotoxin?

A

yes

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50
Q

Stage I Pertussis: Catarrhal Stage

A

-resembles common cold: fever (endotoxin) and runny nose

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51
Q

Stage II Pertussis: Paroxysmal Stage

A

-violent coughing bouts that can cause broken ribs, bloodshot eyes, and even a small brain hemorrhage

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52
Q

Stage III Pertussis: Convalescence Stage

A

-lasts weeks/moths of coughing

53
Q

What antibiotic commonly treats pertussis?

A

erythromycin

54
Q

What bacteria causes tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

55
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

-rod
-obligate aerobe
-acid-fast

56
Q

How does TB affect healthy individuals?

A

-hardly at all
-innate immunity by macrophages arrest the disease

57
Q

TB Partial Immunity Failure

A

-symptoms may appear
-tubercule forms with calcified lesions

58
Q

What are GHON complexes?

A

-healed calcified lesions that are seen on X-ray films

59
Q

TB Total Immunity Failure

A

-tubercule breaks and bacilli spread into the circulatory and lymphatic systems

60
Q

Miliary Tuberculosis

A

-TB consumes the patient
-defenses are overwhelmed

61
Q

What are the symptoms of miliary TB?

A

-loss of weigh and rigour
-productive, bloody cough

62
Q

What is the tuberculin skin test?

A

-protein mycobacterium derivative injected into forearm
-if a reaction occurs, progression of TB is measured

63
Q

How long does TB treatment take?

A

~9 months

64
Q

Why is multiple-drug therapy needed for TB?

A

minimize emergence of resistant strains

65
Q

First-line TB Drugs

A
  1. Isoniazid
  2. Ethambutol
  3. Rifampin
  4. Pyrazinamide
66
Q

What does the first-line do?

A

suppress cell wall synthesis

67
Q

Second-line TB Drugs

A
  1. Aminoglycosides
  2. Fluoroquinolones
  3. Streptomycin
  4. Para-aminosalicylic acid
68
Q

Multi-Drug-Resistant (MDR) TB Strains

A

-resist first line drugs rifampin and isoniazid

69
Q

Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) TB Strains

A

-resist second line
-virtually untreatable

70
Q

Is there a TB vaccine?

A

-yes, Bacilli Calmette Guérin (BCG) Vaccine

71
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

-pulmonary (lung) infection
-inflammation
-alveoli fill with fluid

72
Q

Pneumonia is a common _________ infection.

A

nosocomial (HAI)

73
Q

What is the most common pathogenic cause of pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

74
Q

What causes typical pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

75
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

-has a capsule
-gram-positive

76
Q

What is another name for typical pneumonia?

A

Pneumococcal pneumonia

77
Q

How many strains of S. pneumoniae exist? How many have a vaccine?

A

90 exist, 20 have a vaccine

78
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia?

A

-high fever
-difficulty breathing
-chest pain
-rust coloured sputum (blood containing) is coughed up

79
Q

Does pneumococcal pneumonia have a toxin?

A

no

80
Q

What are some susceptible populations to pneumococcal pneumonia?

A

-COPD patients
-diabetics
-kidney disease patients
-people who smoke/drink
-HIV patients

81
Q

Where does pneumococcal pneumonia first invade? (Hint: circulatory)

A

bloodstream

82
Q

Where does pneumococcal pneumonia invade second? (Hint: lungs)

A

pleural cavity surrounding the lungs

83
Q

What can pneumococcal pneumonia invade and cause disease in some cases?

A

meninges, causing meningitis

84
Q

What are some other causes of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

-pneumonia
-meningitis
-otitis media
-sepsis

85
Q

What was typical pneumonia treated with before resistance was developed?

A

cephalosporin

86
Q

How is pneumococcal pneumonia diagnosed?

A

presence of capsular antigen in urine

87
Q

Does pneumococcal pneumonia have a vaccine?

A

yes, conjugated pneumococcal vaccine

88
Q

What is typical pneumonia now usually treated with?

A

macrolides

89
Q

What are the possible causes of Atypical pneumonia?

A

-fungi
-protozoa
-viruses
-other bacteria

90
Q

What is the symptom difference for atypical pneumonia rather than typical?

A

-Atypical has slower onset, less fever and chest pain

91
Q

What are some bacteria that cause atypical pneumonia?

A

-Haemophilus influenzae
-Mycoplasma pneumoniae
-Legionella pneumophila
-Coxiella burnetti

92
Q

What is the primary atypical pneumonia cause?

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae

93
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

-gram-negative
-coccobacillus

94
Q

How is H. influenzae pneumonia diagnosed?

A

-chocolate agar media culture
-recall X and V factors

95
Q

What is used to treat H. influenzae pneumonia?

A

cephalosporins

96
Q

What is the drug of choice for H. influenzae pneumonia?

A

3rd gen cephalosporins

97
Q

What is the HiB vaccine used for?

A

H. influenzae

98
Q

Mycoplasmas do not have ____ _____

A

cell walls

99
Q

What is walking pneumonia?

A

mycoplasmal pneumonia

100
Q

What is the drug of choice for mycoplasmal pneumonia?

A

tetracycline

101
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A

-gram-negative
-aerobic
-rod
-replicates in macrophages

102
Q

Is person-to-person transmission possible with L. pneumophila?

A

no

103
Q

What is L. pneumophila also responsible for?

A

pontiac fever

104
Q

What does coxiella burnetti cause?

A

Q fever

105
Q

Coxiella burnetti is the only gram-______ that has ________

A

gram-negative; endospores

106
Q

Acute Q Fever Symptoms

A

-high fever
-muscle aches
-headache
-coughing

107
Q

Chronic Q Fever Symptoms

A

endocarditis (may occur years later)

108
Q

How is Q fever transmitted?

A

inhalation of aerosols from animals and unpasteurized milk

109
Q

What is used to treat Q fever?

A

-doxycycline
-tetracycline

110
Q

What is a virus that commonly causes viral pneumonia?

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

111
Q

What ages groups does RSV usually affect?

A

infants and elderly

112
Q

Syncytium

A

-formed by RSV
-fusion of cells to create giant cells in the lungs

113
Q

Why was RSV called ‘Houdini Virus’?

A

it escaped the immune system

114
Q

RSV Symptoms

A

-persistent coughing and wheezing
-fever only with bacterial complications
-bronchiolitis

115
Q

RSV Treatment

A

-prophylaxis
-palivizumab

116
Q

What are influenza symptoms?

A

-chills
-fever
-headache
-muscular-aches
-coldlike symptoms post fever

117
Q

Is “stomach-flu” really the flu?

A

-no, influenza has no GI symptoms
-it is probably gastroenteritis

118
Q

What kind of spikes does influenza have?

A

hemagglutination (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) spikes

119
Q

What do HA spikes do?

A

allow virus to recognize and attach to body cells

120
Q

What do NA spikes do?

A

-use enzymes to help virus separate from infected cell after reproduction

121
Q

Spikes account for the ___________ changes that makes influenza have many ___________

A

antigenic; variations

122
Q

Antigenic Drift

A

-minor change in genome spikes

123
Q

Antigenic Shift

A

-major change in genome
-evades most immunity

124
Q

Influenza vaccines are usually m_____valent

A

multivalent

125
Q

Multivalent

A

-directed at 3 or 4 most important strains currently circulating

126
Q

What are some disadvantages to the multivalent vaccine for influenza?

A

-hard to produce
-no long-term immunity

127
Q

What is influenza treated with?

A

-zanamivir
-oseltamivir

128
Q

What is the goal of antivirals on influenza?

A

inhibit neuraminidase

HLSC 124 - Microbiology for Health Professionals (18 decks)

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