Chapter 11 - The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea Flashcards
Proteobacteria
-gram-negative bacteria
-five subclasses: alpha, beta, gamma, delta (no examples), and epsilon
Alphaproteobacteria
-capable of growth in low levels of nutrients
Ricksettia ricksetti (š 1/1)
-gram-negative
-alphaproteobacteria
-rods/coccobacilli
-aerobic
-spread by insect and tick bites (a parasite)
-enter by phagocytosis and divide by binary fission
-cause spotted fever which can damage the cardiovascular system and in the worst case damages heart valves
Betaproteobacteria
-mostly important pathogenic bacteria
-use nutrients to diffuse away from areas of anaerobic decomposition (hydrogen gas, ammonia, methane)
Bordetella pertussis (Ī² 1/3)
-gram-negative
-betaproteobacteria
-rods
-aerobic
-have a capsule
-cause pertussis (whooping cough)
Neisseria meningitis (Ī² 2/3)
-gram-negative
-betaproteobacteria
-diplococci
-aerobic
-have a capsule
-cause meningitis
Neisseria gonorroeae (Ī² 3/3)
-gram-negative
-betaproteobacteria
-diplococci
-aerobic
-have a capsule
-cause the STD gonorrhoea
-have fimbriae
Gammaproteobacteria
-largest subgroup of proteobacteria
-subgroups include: pseudomonadales, legionellales, vibrionales, enterobacteriales, and haemophilus influenza
š¾: A. Pseudomonadales
-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-rods or cocci
-pseudomonas aeruginosa and moraxella lacunata
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (š¾: A 1/2)
-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-a pseudomonadale
-rods
-aerobic
-have flagella (monotrichous/lopotrichous)
-secrete blue/green pigment
-pus in burn victims
-UTIs
-septicemia
-pink eye (conjuctavitis)
-food spoilage (they are adaptable psychotrophs)
-popular in hospital contracted infections
Moraxella lacunata (š¾: A 2/2)
-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-a pseudomonadale
-coccobacilli
-aerobic
-cause pink eye/conjunctivitis
š¾: B. Legionellales
-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-rods
-aerobic
-grow easily on artificial media
-legionella pneumophile and coxiella burnetii
Legionella pneumophile (š¾: B 1/2)
-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-a legionellale
-rods
-aerobic
-spread by water source (ie. ac units, humidifiers, hot water tank, shower head)
-cause Legionaires disease and pontiac fever
Coxiella burnetti (š¾: B 2/2)
-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-a legionellale
-rods
-aerobic
-are the only gram-negative bacteria to have endospores
-spread through domesticated animals
-cause Q fever (mild pneumonia)
š¾: C. Vibrionales
-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-found mostly in aquatic habitats
Vibrio cholerae (š¾: C 1/1)
-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-a vibrionale
-curved rods (vibrio)
-facultative anaerobes
-have monotrichous flagella
-cause cholera (diarrhea)
š¾: D. Enteriobacteriales
-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-have perotrichous falgella
-inhabit intestinal regions in humans and animals
-aka enterics
-most are fermenters
-produce bacteriocin that destroy other harmful species
-E. coli, two types of salmonella, and shigella
Escherichia coli (š¾: D 1/4)
-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteira
-enteriobacteriales
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-highly researched
-used as regulatory agencies (coliform bacteria) to measure water purity
-traveleres diarrhea
-food infections (Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome)
-UTIs
Salmonella enterica (š¾: D 2/4)
-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-enteriobacteriale
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-spread via a food source
-attack GI tract
Salmonella typhi (š¾: D 3/4)
-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-enteriobacteriale
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-spread via humans
-lifelong carriers
-causes thyphoid fever
Shigella dysenteriae (š¾: D 4/4)
-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-enteriobacteriale
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-shiga toxin (destroys GI cells and leaves scar)
-common in daycares
š¾: E. Haemophilus influenza
-gram-negative
-gammaproteobacteria
-coccobacilli
-have a capsule
-aerobic
-grow in chocolate agar
-meningitis
-otitis media
-pneumonia
-NOT influenza
Chocolate Agar
-bacteria require blood in their culture medium
-unable to synthesize parts of cytochrome needed for respiration
-obtain substances from blood
X Factor
-heme fraction of hemoglobin in blood
-cytochrome
V Factor
-provides NAD supply for ETC
Epsilonproteobacteria (Ļµ)
-gram-negative
-helical or curved rods
-move by flagella
-microaerophilic
-helicobacter pylori and campylobacter jejuni
Helicobacter pylori (Ļµ 1/2)
-gram-negative
-epsilonproteobacteria
-vibrio (curved rods)
-microaerophilic
-have peritrichous flagella
-cause peptic ulcers
Campylobacter jejuni (Ļµ 2/2)
-gram-negative
-epsilonproteobacteria
-vibrio (curved rods)
-microaerophilic
-have monotrichous flagella
-cause gastrogenteritis (from milk, meat, water)
Chlamydiae
-gram-negative
-non-proteobacteria
-donāt contain peptidoglycan in their cell calls
Chlamydia trachomatis
-gram-negative
-non-proteobacteira
-coccobacillus
-aerobic
-spread via air or contact
-unique life cycle
-trachoma (eye infection)
-Nongonococcal urethritis (NUG - an STD)
-Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV - an STD)
Life Cycle of C. trachomatis
-48 hours long
-the infective part is the elementary body
-uses receptor mediated endocytosis
-the reticulate body matures the elementary body
Bacteroidetes
-gram-negative
-non-proteobacteria
-perfectly shaped rods
-obligate anaerobes
-gingivitis
-peritonitis (GI inflammation)
Fusobacteria
-gram-negative
-non-proteobacteria
-often pleomorphic but are usually spindle shaped rods
-obligate anaerobes
-gingivitis (not as deep as bacteriodetes)
Treponema Pallidum (Spirochaetes)
-gram-negative
-non-proteobacteria
-coiled, spring shape
-move by axial filaments
-cause syphilis
-grown in-vivo (rabbits)
Gram-Positive Bacteria
-divided in two groups: high (firmicutes) and low (actinobacteria) G + C ratio
Clostridium
-gram-positive
-firmicute
-clostridiale
-rod shaped (lollipop rods)
-obligate anaerobes
-have endospores
-abundant in soil
-C. tetani, tetanus
-C. botulinum, botulism
-C. perfringens, gangrene
-C. difficile, diarrhea (nosocomial)
Bacillus anthracis
-gram-positive
-firmicute
-bacillale
-rods
-facultative anaerobe
-endospores
-abundant in soil
-causes anthrax (9/11 bio weapon)
Staphylococcus aureus
-gram-positive
-firmicute
-staphylococci
-golden colonies
-facultative anaerobes
-grow in special medium
-skin infections: sty, TSS, food poisoning, S. saprophyticus (UTI)
Lactobacillales
-lactic acid producing
-lack cytochrome system and canāt use Oā as final ETC acceptor
-aerotolerant
Lactobacillus sp.
-gram-positive
-firmicute
-lactobacillale
-rods
-aerotolerant
-non-pathogenic
-commercial use: food production
-female health: puberty, create sterile vaginal region, digests sugars brought by estrogen
-pregnancy: increase microbes, first contact between mom and baby builds immune system
Streptococcus pyogenes
-gram-positive
-firmicute
-lactobacillale
-aerotolerant
-spherical, appear in chains
-Beta-hemolytic, produce clear zone on blood agar
-skin infections
-strep throat
-rheumatic fever
-scarlet fever
-otitis media
-attach via M protein (allow bacteria to avoid phagocytosis)
Streptococcus mutins
-gram-positive
-firmicute
-lactobacillale
-alpha-hemolytic, when colony grows on blood agar the colonies are surrounded by green
-change hemoglobin into methemoglobin
-appear in chains
-cause dental decay
-attach via capsule
Streptococcus pneumoniae
-gram-positive
-firmicute
-lactobacillale
-alphahemolytic
-cause pneumonia
-have capsule
-cause meningitis
-otitis media
-found in pairs
Listeria monocytogenes
-gram-positive
-firmicute
-lactobacillale
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-psychotroph: food spoilage
-grow in immune system cells
-causes listeriosis, suppresses immune system and can lead to meningitis
-dangerous during pregnancy
Enterococcus faecalis and faecium
-gram-positive
-firmicute
-lactobacillale
-facultative anaerobes
-hardy, hospital acquired infections (surgical wounds, catheter, UTI)
Tenericutes
-includes wall-less bacteria called mycoplasmas
-highly plepmorphic
-can produce filaments that resemble fungi
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
-gram-positive
-tenericute
-mycoplasma
-have no cell wall
-have sterols
-fried egg colonies
-pleomorphic
-cause walking pneumonia (treatment: attack protein synthesis not cell wall, tetracycline antibiotics)
-grow fast and can contaminate other samples in labs
Mycobacterium sp.
-gram-positive
-actinobacteria
-rods
-aerobic
-non-endospore forming
-use acid fast stain
-slow growth, wonāt see colonies for 4-6 weeks due to slow nutrient entrance and long lag phase
-resistant to desiccation, antiseptics, antibiotics
-cause TB and leprosy
Corynebacterium diptheriae
-gram-positive
-actinobacteria
-rods
-facultative anaerobes
-pleomorphic: picket fence or Chinese alphabet
-cause diphtheria, upper respiratory tract infection and create a pseudomembrane (leather like film)
Propionibacterium sp.
-gram-positive
-actinobacteria
-fermenters
-swiss cheese
-nutty flavour due to propionic acid
-holes due to CO2
Propionibacterium acnes
-gram-positive
-actinobacteria
-propionibacterium
-rods
-not a fermenter
-cause acne
-grows where sebaceous glands are
-hormones feed the bacteria
-benzoyl peroxide treats
