Chapter 4 - Endocrine Responses to Resistance Exercises

Question 1

Allosteric binding site

Answer 1

Sites on hormone receptors where substances other than hormones can enhance or reduce the cellular response to the primary hormone.

Question 2

Anabolic hormone

Answer 2

Hormones that promote tissue building.

Question 3

Catabolic hormone

Answer 3

Hormones such as progesterone and cortisol that can metabolize and degrade protein cells.

Question 4

Cross-reactivity

Answer 4

Hormones such as progesterone and cortisol that can metabolize and degrade protein cells.

Question 5

Diurnal variation

Answer 5

Normal fluctuations in hormone levels throughout the day.

Question 6

Downregulation

Answer 6

The process or inability of a receptor to interact with a hormone. Receptors have the ability to increase or decrease their binding sensitivity.

Question 7

Endocrine gland ​

Answer 7

Body structures specialized for synthesizing, storing, and releasing hormones.

Question 8

General adaptation syndrome

Answer 8

The general response of the adrenal gland to noxious stimuli. Begins with an alarm reaction followed by a reduction in function, but ultimately results in increased resistance to the stress above previous baseline levels.

Question 9

Hormone

Answer 9

Chemical messengers that are synthesized, stored, and released into the blood by endocrine glands.

Question 10

Hormone receptor complex (H-RC)

Answer 10

The result of a hormone binding to its receptor, which causes a shift in the receptor which activates it.

Question 11

Lock-and-key theory

Answer 11

A principle in endocrinology that a given hormone interacts with a specific receptor. While hormones individually have the specific characteristics to bind and fully induce a signal through a specific receptor, cross-reactivity can occur where a receptor can partially interact with other hormones as well.

Question 12

Neuroendocrine immunology

Answer 12

The study of the connection between the neural, endocrine, and immune systems.

Question 13

Neuroendocrinology

Answer 13

The study of interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

Question 14

Polypeptide hormone

Answer 14

Hormones made from chains of amino acids, such as growth hormone and insulin. Polypeptide hormones are not fat-soluble and therefore cannot cross the cell membrane.

Question 15

Proteolytic enzyme

Answer 15

Enzymes that break down proteins.

Question 16

Secondary messenger

Answer 16

Compounds within a cell that transmits the change in the receptor on the cell membrane due to hormone binding with the receptor. The secondary messengers propagate the hormonal signal through the cell to affect metabolic processes, DNA transcription, or mRNA translation initiation.

Question 17

Steroid hormone

Answer 17

Fat-soluble hormones such as testosterone and cortisol that diffuse across the cell membrane. Upon diffusing through the sarcolemma, the steroid hormone forms an H-RC with the receptors, leading to a chain of events within the cell that ultimately causes the double-stranded DNA to “open,” exposing units that code for the synthesis of specific proteins.

Question 18

Target tissue cell

Answer 18

A cell in the tissue that contains receptors targeted by a given hormone.

Question 19

Thyroid hormone

Answer 19

Permissive hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. Thyroxine and calcitonin are the primary thyroid hormones.