Chapter 3 - Bioenergetics of Resistance Training Flashcards
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
The product of the breakdown of ATP. When ATP is broken down, the end result is an ADP molecule, an inorganic phosphate, a hydrogen ion, and energy. ADP can be further broken down into AMP as a secondary source of biological energy
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
The final product of the breakdown of ATP and subsequent breakdown of ADP.
Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
An important enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP.
Adenosine triphosphate
An intermediate molecule used to drive anabolic and endergonic reactions through the energy derived from catabolic and exergonic reactions. ATP is composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups. The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, and then ADP to AMP releases the energy used for biological work. ATP is considered a high energy molecule because of the large amount of energy stored in the chemical bond of the two terminal phosphate groups.
Adenylate kinase reaction
A single-enzyme reaction that can rapidly replenish ATP. The adenylate kinase reaction converts 2 ADP molecules into an ATP and AMP molecule.
Aerobic
Reactions and processes that depend on oxygen. Aerobic processes include the Krebs cycle, electron transport, and the entire oxidative system. Aerobic reactions occur in the mitochondria of muscle cells and require oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
Aerobic glycolysis
The process of pyruvate being shuttled into the mitochondria and undergoing reactions resulting in ATP resynthesis. Aerobic glycolysis depends on the presence of oxygen in the mitochondria, and as such is only possible for ATP production when exercise intensity is low enough. Also known as the Krebs cycle.
Allosteric activation
Process of an end-product binding to an enzyme resulting in an increase in the rate of the reaction,
Allosteric inhibition
Process that occurs when an end product binds to the regulatory enzyme and decreases its turnover rate, slowing the formation of the product.
Anabolism
The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules. Anabolism is often achieved using the energy gained from the catabolism of other molecules. For example, the formation of protein from amino acids.
Anaerobic
Processes that do not require the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic processes include the phosphagen and glycolytic systems, both of which occur in the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell.
Anaerobic glycolysis
A process where ATP resynthesis occurs as pyruvate is converted to lactate. Anaerobic glycolysis produces ATP at a rapid rate but is limited in duration due to the decrease in cytosolic pH.
Beta oxidation
A series of reactions in which free fatty acids are broken down, resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA and hydrogen protons.
Bioenergetics
The flow of energy in a biological system. Primarily concerned with the conversion of macronutrients into biologically usable forms of energy.
Branched-chain amino acid
The main amino acids that are thought to be oxidized in skeletal muscle. The BCAAs are leucine, isoleucine, and valine.
Calcium ATPase
The enzyme that pumps calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Catabolism
The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules associated with a release of energy.
Combination training
The process of combining aerobic and anaerobic training, postulated to improve recovery. In heavily anaerobic sports (ie. powerlifting, Olympic lifting), the combination may be detrimental to maximum strength and power. In highly-trained endurance athletes, the addition of strength training has been shown to improve aerobic performance.
Cori cycle
The process of transporting lactate to the liver for conversion to glucose.
Creatine kinase
The enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and creatine phosphate.
Creatine phosphate (CP)
A high-energy phosphate molecule that provides the phosphate group for the synthesis of ATP from ADP in the phosphagen system.
Cytochrome
A series of electron carriers in the electron transport chain. The cytochromes pass hydrogen down the electron transport chain to form a proton concentration gradient, which provides the energy for ATP production.
Depletion
The consumption of molecules and substrates during energy production or other processes.
Electron transport chain (ETC)
Series of proton acceptors that plays a fundamental role in oxidative metabolism.
Endergonic reaction
Reactions that require energy and include anabolic processes and the contraction of the muscle.
Energy
The capacity to perform work.
Energy substrate
A molecule that can be used to produce energy (i.e. lactate).
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
The increase in oxygen uptake following intense exercise.