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Pathology > Chapter 4: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Permanent catheterization

A

Interventional angiography procedure, in which a catheter is placed in the subclavian or jugular vein and tunneled under skin to allow for improved dialysis access.

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2
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein, often associated with venous thrombosis.

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3
Q

Pulmonary embolus

A

A mass of foreign matter present in a pulmonary artery or one of its branches.

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4
Q

A decrease in tissue blood supply is termed:

A) Atheroma
B) Infarction
C) Ischemia
D) Necrosis

A

C) Ischemia

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5
Q

Transposition of Great Vessels

Additive/Subtractive/Both/Neither

A

Subtractive

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6
Q

Veins

A

any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying in most cases oxygen-depleted blood toward the heart

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7
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A common form of arteriosclerosis in which deposits of fibrofatty plaque or thickenings form within the intima or intermedia of large and medium sized arteries

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8
Q

Atrial septal defects

A

An abnormal opening between the right and left atria of the heart which allows mixing of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood within the atria

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9
Q

Capillaries

A

Small blood vessels connecting venues and arterioles which allow the exchange or water, gases, and nutrients within the blood

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10
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

The appearance of an enlarged heart, as indicative of many cardiovascular disorders

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11
Q

The heart chamber located most anteriorly and forming the anterior border of the cardiac shadow on a lateral chest radiograph is the:

  1. Left atrium
  2. Left ventricle
  3. Right atrium
  4. Right ventricle
A

D

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12
Q

Aneurysm

Additive/subtractive/both/neither

A

Neither

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13
Q

Fusiform Aneurysm

A

An arterial aneurysm in which the entire circumference of the vessel wall is affected.

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14
Q

Gated cardiac blood pool scans

A

A gated nuclear medicine procedure of the heart that demonstrates heart motion and the ejection of blood from the heart.

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15
Q 
In a fetus, the ductus arteriosus connects the: 
A: Aorta and the superior vena cava
B: Aorta and pulmonary trunk 
C: Right and Left Artria 
D: Right and Left Ventricles
A

B: Aorta and pulmonary trunk

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16
Q

Infarct

A

As plaques accumulate in the coronary arteries, blood supply to the heart muscle is decreased, resulting in ischemia, a local and temporary impairment of circulation caused by obstruction of circulation, and myocardial damage as an infarct, which is an area of ischemic necrosis.

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17
Q

Heart

A

The heart acts as a pump to propel blood throughout the body via the circulatory vessels.

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18
Q

Myocardium

A

The muscular layer of the heart.

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19
Q

Septal Defects: additive/subtractive/both/neither

A

Additive

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20
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Abnormal persistence of an open ductus arteriosis after birth, resulting in recirculation of arterial blood through the lungs.

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21
Q

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty

A

Use of a specialized catheter, typically equipped with an inflatable balloon, to perform vessel repair from within the artery or vein during angiography.

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22
Q 
Question 8: Risk factors associated with atherosclerosis include:
A. Low blood sugar levels 
B. Hypertension 
C. Cigarette smoking 
a. A & B 
b. A & C 
c. B & C
d. A, B, & C
A

c. B & C

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23
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

The presence of inflammation and blood clots within a vein

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24
Q

Embolization

A

Interventional angiography procedure in which devices such as coils are used to intentionally clot off vessels, often before surgery to prevent excessive bleeding

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25
Q

Endocardium

A

The inner membrane layer of tissue lining the heart

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26
Q

Epicardium

A

The inner layer of pericardium surrounding the heart which forms an outer layer of connective tissue covering the heart

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27
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

An opening between the right and left atria of the fetal heart which should normally close at birth

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28
Q 
How many posterior ribs should be visible on a good inspiration PA chest radiograph? 
A. 12
B. 10
C. 8
D. 6
A

B. 10

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29
Q

Pulmonary Embolism: additive, subtractive, both, neither

A

Neither

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30
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel

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31
Q

Transesophageal echocardiography

A

A type of echocardiographic procedure in which the patient swallows a mobile, flexible probe. The hearts structure can then be readily visualized without having structures such as the skin, rib cage, and chest muscles interfere

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32
Q
  1. Aortic aneurysms most commonly occur in the:

a. Abdominal aorta above the level of the renal arteries
b. Abdominal aorta below the level of the renal arteries
c. Thoracic aorta

A

b. Abdominal aorta below the level of the renal arteries

33
Q

Cor Pulmonale: Additive/Subtractive/Both/Neither

A

Additive because of enlarged right ventricle and pulmonary artery

34
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

An illness that results from an untreated strep throat condition

35
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A

A combination of four congenital cardiac defects: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular central defect, overriding aorta, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle

36
Q 
The single most frequency cause of deaths in the United States is: 
A. Congestive heart failure
B. Coronary artery disease
C. Transposition of the great vessels
D. Valvular disease
A

B. Coronary artery disease

37
Q

Right and left atria

A

Two upper chambers of the heart

38
Q

Right and left ventricles

A

Two lower chambers of the heart

39
Q

congestive heart failure

A

condition existing when the heat is unable to propel blood at a sufficient rate and volume to prevent congestion of circulatory subsystems
The modality of choice: radiography
Additive due to fluid in the greater vessels and lungs

40
Q

2-D echocardiography

A

Cross sectional sonographic imaging of the heart demonstrating the heart chambers valves major vessels and cardiac output

41
Q

Adventitia

A

The outermost layer of connective tissue covering major organs and vessels within the body

42
Q

Aneurysm

A

A localized ballooning or outpouching of a vessel wall as a result of weakening from from atherosclerotic disease trauma infection or congenital defects.

43
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart

44
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

Neither

45
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Neither

46
Q

Systole

A

The phase of the heart cycle during which the myocardium is contracting

47
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

A combination of four congenital cardiac defects: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular central defect, overriding aorta, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle

48
Q

Thrombolysis

A

An interventional angiography procedure in which urokinase is dropped over a period of hours directly onto a clot to dissolve it

49
Q
  1. Which type of vessel is used as the graft material for coronary artery bypass graft?
A

Capillaries

50
Q

Congestive heart failure: additive/ subtractive/ neither

A

Additive because of fluid in great vessels and lungs

51
Q

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS)

A

An interventional angiography procedure in which a catheter is used to connect the jugular vein to the portal vein to reduce the flow of blood through a diseased liver

52
Q

Transposition of great vessels

A

Congenital malformation of the cardiovascular system, in which the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the left ventricle

53
Q

Valvular stenosis

A

Narrowing of a valve

54
Q

Imaging procedures that may be used to demonstrate an abdominal aneurysm include:

  1. Angiography
  2. CT
  3. Sonography

a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3

A

D. 1, 2, and 3

55
Q

Atherosclerosis: additive, subtractive or neither

A

Neither

56
Q

Diastole

A

The phase of the heart cycle in which the myocardium is relaxing.

57
Q

Dissecting aneurysm

A

An aneurysm resulting from hemorrhage that causes longitudinal splitting of the arterial wall.

58
Q

Doppler echocardiography

A

Sonographic procedure that can provide detailed information about heart anatomy, function, and vessel patency.

59
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

The blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta in the fetus which should normally close at birth.

60
Q

Contraction of the myocardium is termed?

A

Systole

61
Q

Venous thrombosis additive/subtractive/both/neither

A

Additive because of widened mediastinum.

62
Q

M-mode echocardiography

A

Dynamic, one dimensional demographic images of the heart.

63
Q

Murmur

A

An abnormal extra heart sound indicating a structural or functional defect of the heart.

64
Q

Myocardial Perfusion Scan

A

is the most widely used procedure in nuclear cardiology. It may be performed on patients with chest pain of an unknown origin to evaluate coronary artery stenosis and as a follow up to bypass surgery, angioplasty, thrombolysis

65
Q

Saccular aneurysm

A

A localized sac affecting only a part of the circumference of an arterial wall

66
Q

Cor Pulmonale

A

Hypertension in the pulmonary artery and an enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart
The modality of choice: Radiography, Echocardiography, and Nuclear Medicine
Additive due to an enlarged right ventricle and pulmonary artery

67
Q

Aortic Dissection

A

Additive due to a widened mediastinum

68
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

A narrowing or compression of the aorta, usually present at birth
The modality of choice: Radiography and echocardiography
Additive due to enlarged mediastinum

69
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Disease of the arteries of the heart often resulting from depositing of the atheromas in the arteries supplying to the heart muscle.

70
Q

The bicuspid valve is also known as the

A

Left atrioventricular Valve

71
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

The heart’s pacemaker; this is a bundle of nerve fibers located in the upper portion of the right atrium near the superior vena cava; from this node an electrical current is transmitted through the myocardium, resulting in a heartbeat

72
Q

Stent

A

A specialized device placed to provide patency, usually in a vessel or duct

73
Q 
Review question 7
A condition in which the left ventricle cannot pump an amount of blood equal to the venous return of the right ventricle is
A. Coronary artery disease
B. Left sided congestive heart failure
C. Right sided congestive heart failure
D. Patent ductus arteriosus
A

B. Left sided congestive heart failure

74
Q 
Clinical signs of a myocardial infarction include:
A) Shortness of breath
B) Crushing chest pain
C) Neck pain
D) A and B
E) A and C
F) B and C
G) A, B, and C
A

D) A and B

75
Q

Coarctation of the Aorta: Additive/ Subtractive/ both/ neither

A

Additive because of enlarged mediastinum.

76
Q

Venous Thrombosis

A

the formation of blood clots within a vein

77
Q

Ventricular Septal Defects

A

An abnormal opening between the right and left ventricles of the heart allowing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

78
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

Disease of the arteries of the heart often resulting from deposition of atheromas in the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle

79
Q

15:Venous thrombosis most often affects the-

A

B;Deep veins of the lower extremities

Pathology (8 decks)

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