Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathology Flashcards
Sequalae
Conditions resulting from a disease
Prevalence
A statistical measure that refers to the number of cases of a disease found in a given population
Syndrome
A group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a specific abnormal disturbance
Traumatic
Pertaining to the effects of a wound or injury, whether physical or psychological
Virulence
The ease with which an organism overcomes body defenses
Genetic Mapping
A map assigning deoxyribonucleic (DNA) fragments to chromosomes.
Manifestations
Observable changes resulting from cellular changes in the disease process.
Metaplasia
Conversion of a specific type of tissue into a different kind of tissue.
Metastatic spread
The spread of cancer cells.
Which of the following terms refers to abnormal changes in mature cells?
Dysplasia
Hypertrophy
Increase in number of cells and tissue resulting in an increased organ size without the presence of a tumor.
Iatrogenic
Pertains to any adverse condition that occurs in a patient as a result of medical treatment.
Mortality Rate
Is the average number of deaths caused by a particular disease in a population
Autoantibodies
Antibody acting against its own tissue or organism.
Autoimmune Disorders
Disease in which antibodies form against and injure the patient’s own tissues, in contrast to the normal process in which antibodies form in response to foreign antigens.
Benign Neoplasm
A localized tumor of well-differentiated cells that does not invade surrounding tissue or metastasize to distant areas within the body.
Morphology
The form and structure of disease
Idiopathic
Having no identifiable causative factor.
- If 4000 cases of a given disease are found in a given population, the _______ of the disease is defined.
a. Incidence
b. Morphology
c. Metabolism
d. Prevalence
d. Prevalence
Degenerative
Refers to deterioration of the body usually associated with the aging process.
Diagnosis
The name of a disease an individual is believed to have.
Disease
Any abnormal disturbance of the normal function or structure of a body part, organ, or system; may display a variety of manifestations.
Sickness sufficient to interfere with normal daily routines is termed: A: Etiology B: Morbidity C: Mortality D: Pathogenesis
B: Morbidity
Invasion
The prolapse of a segment of bowel into a distal segment
Lesion
General term used to describe the various types of cellular changes that can occur in response to a disease
Leukemia
A malignant disease of the leukocytes and their precursor cells in blood and bone marrow
A neoplasticism growth is evaluated to determine its degree of histologic differentiation. This is termed:
A. Grading
B. Metastasis
C. Morphology
D. Staging
Grading
A DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide in the genome differs between members of a biological species or paired chromosomes in an individual
SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPs)
A type of tumor, often highly malignant, composed of a substance similar to embryonic connective tissue
Sarcoma
Traveling of cancerous cells to a distant site or distant organ
SEEDING
An objective manifestation of disease that is detected by the physician during examination
SIGN
Any subjective evidence of a disease as perceived by the patient
SYMPTOM
A compression fracture of the lumbar spine that results from steroid treatments for pain reduction of arthritis would be an example of ____________ disease.
a. Degenerative
b. Iatrogenic
c. Idiopathic
d. Traumatic
b. Iatrogenic
Carcinoma
A malignant growth composed of epithelial cells that tends to invade surrounding tissues and give rise to metastasis
Chronic
Presenting slowly and persisting over a long period of time
Congenital
Existing at, and usually before, birth and resulting from genetic or environmental factors
Review question three: A disease such as Tay-Sachs syndrome that is transmitted genetically is termed: a. Congenital b. Hereditary c. Metabolic d. Neoplastic
B
Neoplastic
Pertaining to new, abnormal tissue growth
Morbidity Rate
The incidence of sickness sufficient to interfere with an individual’s normal daily routine
Acute
Having a quick onset and lasting a short period of time with a relatively severe course
Pathogenesis
Refers to the sequence of events producing cellular changes that ultimately leading to observable changes.
Asymptomatic
Showing or causing no identifiable symptoms
Atrophy
A reduction in size or a wasting of cells, tissues, or organs as a result of poor nutrition or nonuse
Hematogenous Spread
Spread through the blood
Physical mapping
A form of genetic mapping based on direct analysis of DNA , in which the physical distance between DNA, fragments are measured. This is used to assign DNA fragments to specific chromosomes.
Hereditary
Genetically transferred from ethier parent to child & derived from ancestors
Prognosis
The prediction of course and outcome for a given disease.
Hyperplasia
Overdevelopment
The prediction of the course and end of a disease and an outlook based on that prediction best define its:
A) Diagnosis
B) Etiology
C) Prognosis
D) Syndrome
C) Prognosis
Genome
The entirety of an organism’s hereditary information, including both the genes and the non-coding sequences of DNA and ribonucleic acid
Haplotype
A combination of DNA sequences at adjacent locations on the chromosome that are transmitted together
A disease that manifests slowly and is present for a long period is said to be?
Chronic
Review Question #7: Which of the following disease classifications is usually associated with the normal aging process? A. Congenital B. Degenerative C.Inflammatory D. Metabolic
B. Degenerative
Nosocomial
Originating or taking place in a hospital, acquired in a hospital, especially in reference to an infection.
Incidence
A statistical measure that refers to the number of new cases of a disease found in a given period of time.
Infection
An inflammatory process caused by exposure to some disease-causing organism.
Inflammatory
Refers to the body process of destroying, diluting, or walling off a localized injurious agent.
Lymphatic spread
Spread through the lymphatic system.
Lymphoma
Neoplasticism growth in the lymphatic system.
Malignant neoplasm
A lesion that grows, spreads, and invades other tissues.
Generalized increase in cell size refers to?
Hyperplasia
Review Question 5: Which of the following would be considered a symptom of a disease process? A. Bloody stool B. Nausea C. Skin Rash D. Swelling
B. Nausea
Dysplasia
the abnormal growth or development of a tissue or organ.
Etiology
The cause or origin of the disease
Epidemiology
Study and control of disease or injury patterns in human populations
Review Question 9:
The relative ease with which an organism can overcome normal bodily defenses refers to its: A. Infection B. Necrosis C. Pestilence D. Virulence
D. Virulence.
