Chapter 4: Biomechanics Flashcards
Functional Anatomy
The relation between body structures and their function, particularly with respect to movement. (NSCA CPT, pg. 61)
Linear Motion
Motion along a straight or curved line. (NSCA CPT, pg. 62)
Rectilinear Motion
Motion along a straight line. (NSCA CPT, pg. 62)
Curvilinear Motion
Motion along a curved line. (NSCA CPT, pg. 62)
Angular Motion (Rotational Motion)
Motion in which a body rotates about an axis. (NSCA CPT, pg. 62)
Axis of Rotation (Fulcrum)
Imaginary line about which joint rotation occurs. (NSCA CPT, pg. 62)
Frontal Plane
A vertical plane that divides the body or organs into front and back portions. (NSCA CPT, pg. 62)
Sagittal Plane
A vertical plane that divides the body or organs into left and right portions. (NSCA CPT, pg. 62)
Transverse Plane
A horizontal plane that divides the body or organs into upper and lower portions. (NSCA CPT, pg. 62)
Kinematics
Description of motion with respect to space and time, and without regard to the forces or torques involved. (NSCA CPT, pg. 62)
Acceleration
An increase in velocity. (NSCA CPT, pg. 62)
Kinetics
Assessment of motion with regard to forces and force-related measures. (NSCA CPT, pg. 62)
Friction
The resistance to motion of two objects or surfaces that touch. (NSCA CPT, pg. 65)
Angular Velocity
An object’s rotational speed. (NSCA CPT, pg. 66)
Torque
The tendency of a force to rotate an object about a fulcrum. (NSCA CPT, pg. 66)
First-class Lever
A lever for which the applied and resistive forces act on opposite sides of the fulcrum. (NSCA CPT, pg. 68)
Second-class Lever
A lever in which the applied and resistive forces act on the same side of the fulcrum, but with the applied force acting through a moment arm that is longer than that of the resistive force. (NSCA CPT, pg. 68)
Third-class Lever
A lever in which the applied and resistive forces act on the same side of the fulcrum, but with the resistive force acting through a moment arm that is longer than that of the applied force. (NSCA CPT, pg. 68)
Mechanical Advantage
The ratio of the length of the moment arm through which a muscular force acts to the length of a moment arm through which a resistive force acts. (NSCA CPT, pg. 68)
Work
The product of the force exerted on an object and the distance the object moves (i.e., force distance). (NSCA CPT, pg. 69)
Power
The rate of performing work, often expressed as either work divided by time or force times velocity. 70)
Mechanical Energy
Capacity or ability to do mechanical work. (NSCA CPT, pg. 71)
Efficiency
Amount of mechanical output produced for a given amount of metabolic input. (NSCA CPT, pg. 71)
Antagonist
A muscle, typically anatomically opposite to the agonist, that can stop or slow down a muscle action caused by the agonist. (NSCA CPT, pg. 71)
Agonist
A muscle that is shortening to perform a concentric action. (NSCA CPT, pg. 71)
Pennation Angle
The angle between the direction of the muscle fibers and an imaginary line between the muscle’s origin and its insertion. (NSCA CPT, pg. 72)
Anatomical Position
Position in which a person stands erect with arms down at the sides and palms forward. (NSCA CPT, pg. 62)
Moment Arm
Perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of force action. (NSCA CPT, pg. 66)
Line of Force Action
The line along which the force acts, passing through the force’s point of application. (NSCA CPT, pg. 66)
Force
A mechanical action or effect applied to a body that tends to produce acceleration. (NSCA CPT, pg. 65)
Magnitude
One of the seven force-related factors. It is how much force is produced or applied. (NSCA CPT, pg. 65)
Location
One of the seven force-related factors. It is where on a body or structure a force is applied. (NSCA CPT, pg. 65)
Direction
One of the seven force-related factors. It is where the force is directed. (NSCA CPT, pg. 65)
Duration
One of the seven force-related factors. It is how long the force is applied. (NSCA CPT, pg. 65)
Frequency
One of the seven force-related factors. It is how many times the force is applied in a given time. (NSCA CPT, pg. 65)
Variability
One of the seven force-related factors. It is if the magnitude of force is constant or changing over the application period. (NSCA CPT, pg. 65)
Rate
One of the seven force-related factors. It is how quickly the force is produced or applied. (NSCA CPT, pg. 65)
First Law of Motion
A body at rest or in motion tends to remain at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an outside force. (NSCA CPT, pg. 65)
Second Law of Motion
A net force (F) acting on a body produces an acceleration (a) proportional to the force according to the equation (the sum of)F = m X a. Where m = mass. For equals mass times acceleration. (NSCA CPT, pg. 65)
Third Law of Motion
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. (NSCA CPT, pg. 65)
Momentum
The quantity of motion for a body. (NSCA CPT, pg. 66)
Torque equation
T = F X d. torque equals force times moment arm. (NSCA CPT, pg. 66)
Work equation
W = F X d. Force times distance equals work. (NSCA CPT, pg. 69)
Power equation
P = W/t. Work divided by time equals power. (NSCA CPT, pg. 70)
Power equation 2
P = F x v. Force times velocity equals power.
Rate of Force Development
The time rate of change office. (NSCA CPT, pg. 75)
Constant-resistance devices
Free weights, Machines. (NSCA CPT, pg. 82)
Variable-resistance Devices
Machines, Elastic Resistance, Chains. (NSCA CPT, pg. 84)
Accommodating-resistance Devices
Isokinetic Dynamometers, Flywheels, Fluid resistance. (NSCA CPT, pg. 85)`
