Chapter 1: Structure and Function of the Muscular, Nervous, and Skeletal Systems

Question 1

Epimysium

Answer 1

The connective tissue encasing the entire muscle body. (NSCA CPT, pg. 21)

Question 2

Perimysium

Answer 2

The connective tissue encasing groups of muscle fibers (fascicles). (NSCA CPT, pg. 22)

Question 3

Endomysium

Answer 3

The connective tissue encasing individual muscle fibers. (NSCA CPT, pg. 22)

Question 4

Muscle Fiber

Answer 4

The structural unit of muscle. Also referred to as a muscle cell. (NSCA CPT, pg. 22)

Question 5

Fascicle

Answer 5

Bundle of muscle fibers; plural of fasciculus is fasciculi. (NSCA CPT, pg. 22)

Question 6

Action Potential

Answer 6

A temporary change (reversal) in the electrical charge of a muscle or nerve cell when it is stimulated. (NSCA CPT, pg. 22)

Question 7

Mitochondria

Answer 7

Specialized cellular organelles where the reactions of aerobic metabolism occur. (NSCA CPT, pg. 23)

Question 8

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 8

Highly specialized net- work system in a muscle fiber that stores calcium ions. (NSCA CPT, pg. 23)

Question 9

Myofibril

Answer 9

The elements of a muscle fiber that primarily consist of actin and myosin. (NSCA CPT, pg. 23)

Question 10

Myofilaments

Answer 10

The two primary proteins in a myofibril (i.e., actin and myosin). (NSCA CPT, pg. 24)

Question 11

Myosin

Answer 11

One of the two primary myofilaments; binds with actin to cause a muscle action. (NSCA CPT, pg. 24)

Question 12

Actin

Answer 12

One of the two primary myofilaments; binds with myosin to cause a muscle action. (NSCA CPT, pg. 24)

Question 13

Tropomyosin

Answer 13

A protein, attached to actin, that prevents actin from binding to the myosin cross- bridges. (NSCA CPT, pg. 25)

Question 14

Troponin

Answer 14

A protein, attached to tropomyosin, that when activated shifts the tropomyosin to allow the actin to bind to the myosin cross-bridges. (NSCA CPT, pg. 25)

Question 15

Sarcomere

Answer 15

The segment of a myofibril between two adjacent Z-lines (bands), representing the functional unit of skeletal muscle. (NSCA CPT, pg. 25)

Question 16

Adenosine Triphosphate

Answer 16

The universal energy-carrying molecule manufactured in all living cells as a means of capturing and storing energy. (NSCA CPT, pg. 27)

Question 17

Concentric Muscle Action

Answer 17

A muscle action in which the muscle is able to overcome the resistance, leading to muscle shortening. (NSCA CPT, pg. 27)

Question 18

Eccentric Muscle Action

Answer 18

Action that occurs when a muscle cannot develop sufficient tension and is overcome by an external load, and thus progressively lengthens. (NSCA CPT, pg. 27)

Question 19

Isometric (static) Muscle Action

Answer 19

Action that occurs when a muscle generates a force against a resistance but does not overcome it, so that no movement takes place. (NSCA CPT, pg. 27)

Question 20

Myoglobin

Answer 20

Iron-containing protein in muscle cells that stores oxygen for use in cell respiration. (NSCA CPT, pg. 28)

Question 21

Type I Muscle Fibers

Answer 21

A type of muscle fiber char- acterized by a slow rate of action and relaxation, high aerobic metabolic activity, and high fatigue resistance. Also known as a slow oxidative or slow-twitch fiber. (NSCA CPT, pg. 28)

Question 22

Type IIa Muscle Fibers

Answer 22

A type of muscle fiber char- acterized by a fast rate of action and relaxation, moderate aerobic and high glycolytic metabolic activity, and moderate fatigue resistance. Also known as a fast oxidative glycolytic fiber. (NSCA CPT, pg. 28)

Question 23

Type IIx Muscle fibers

Answer 23

A type of muscle fiber char- acterized by a fast rate of action and relaxation, high glycolytic metabolic activity, and low fatigue resistance. Also known as a fast glycolytic fiber. (NSCA CPT, pg. 28)

Question 24

Muscle Spindle

Answer 24

Sensory organ within muscle fibers that relays sensory information about length and speed of stretch to the central nervous system. (NSCA CPT, pg. 30)

Question 25

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

Answer 25

Sensory organ lying within the tendons of the musculotendinous region that recognizes changes in tension in the muscle. (NSCA CPT, pg. 30)

Question 26

Stretch Reflex

Answer 26

The immediate contraction of a muscle caused by a rapid stretch of that muscle. (NSCA CPT, pg. 31)

Question 27

Motor Unit

Answer 27

A motor nerve and all the muscle fibers it innervates. (NSCA CPT, pg. 31)

Question 28

Osteoporosis

Answer 28

A disorder characterized by the demineralization of bone tissue that results in a decreased bone mineral density. (NSCA CPT, pg. 32)

Question 29

Axial Skeleton

Answer 29

Skeletal subdivision that consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax (rib cage). 32)

Question 30

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 30

Skeletal subdivision that

consists of the shoulder girdle, arms, legs, and pelvis. (NSCA CPT, pg. 32)

Question 31

DOMS

Answer 31

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness. inflammatory reaction causing pain and resulting from muscle tissue damage. (NSCA CPT, pg. 27)

Question 32

Adenosine Triphosphatase (ATPase)

Answer 32

An enzyme that hydrolyzes, or breaks down, ATP and causes the release of energy. (NSCA CPT, pg. 27)

Question 33

Neuromuscular Junction

Answer 33

A chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. (NSCA CPT, pg. 25)

Question 34

Motor Endplate

Answer 34

Part of the neuromuscular junction. This is a specialized region of the muscle cell membrane. (NSCA CPT, pg. 25)

Question 35

Synaptic Cleft

Answer 35

Part of the neuromuscular junction. This is the space between the axon terminal and the motor endplate. (NSCA CPT, pg. 25)

Question 36

Tendon

Answer 36

A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone. (NSCA CPT, pg. 32)

Question 37

Ligament

Answer 37

A short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. (NSCA CPT, pg. 32)