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Psycho Motor 320 > Chapter 4 and 5! > Flashcards

Chapter 4 and 5! Flashcards

1
Q

In Motor programs, how are so many simultaneous movements produced so quickly and effectively?

A

Open Looped control

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2
Q

MOTOR PROGRAM THEORY

A

many actions are performed with no real error correction

–don’t have time for feedback–
If you cant make an adjustment during an action its a motor program

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3
Q

open-loop control system which triggers and sequences movements

A

Motor program

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the Open-Loop Control within the conceptual model?
What are the Characteristics?

A

Executive—Brains ; Effector—The Doer

Preprogamed instructions (with timing and sequencing info)
“Dumb” Execution of the program (with no error detection)

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5
Q

Within the consteptual model, teh motor program functions at the level of the ——

A

effector

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6
Q

What is the pathway of stimulus ID to conttraction?

A

stimulus identified  response selected  response programmed  motor program initiated  commands to spinal cord  commands to muscles

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7
Q

Open loop: What lvl of conciousness is needed? which memory is it stored in? Does it need attention? See pic on slide 5

A

movement is carried out without explicit conscious control—Movement Chuncks
Stored in—Long Term memory
attention is not needed

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8
Q

The the conceptual model open or closed loop control?

A

Its a combination of both

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9
Q

Evidence of motor programs (3)

A
  1. RT and movement complexity
    ––How long did it take to hear the gong to start the movement
    ––Showed: Delayed RT happened in Response programming
  2. Deafferentation experiments
    ––Cut sensory//affarent nerves yet they could still do learned tasks
    ––You don’t have to have sensory feedback to do movements = no closed loop
  3. Limb blocking experiments + EMG
    ––Lever pull down, blocked
    ––Agonists and antagonists fire without movement
    —Patteren of muscle electrical activity (MEA): Agonists—Antagoninsts—Agonists
    ––Pattern of fireing planed in advanced bc no movement was happening.
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10
Q

As movement complexity increases, “delay/hang up” must be occurring ———
What experiment proved this

A

In the response programing;
Henry & Rogers 1960—”gong”

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11
Q

deafferentation; Why is it important?

A

cut sensory nervous (afferent) pathways to spinal cord;
Signals can go to muscles but not back to the spinal cord
Can still do learned tasks—bc it doesn’t need feedback

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12
Q

T or F;
sensory control not completely necessary for
learned movements

A

T;
Motor program to produce movement

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13
Q

Once a motor program is initiated, we have difficultly– or altering the movement

A

stopping

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14
Q

What are edvidences of mototr programs?

A

Postural adjustments

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15
Q

Slater-Hammel’s Experiment:

A

clock
subjects were unable to inhibit the “finger lift” motor program

Once you start a ovement it is hard to stop it.

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16
Q

Postural adjustments happen when?

A

Before the movement
pre-packaged movement—becuase we aren’t htinking about it

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17
Q

Central Pattern Generator (CPG)

A

Instincts//Inherited system for patterned moevement
-slithering, chewing, swiming
- simple triggar stimuli to contract = no feedback or closed loop control
- only need inital input

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18
Q

What types of movemnets do CPG use? What happend when CNS or PNS is damaged?

A

typically used for basic alternating/repetitive movements
Can still do movement dispite CNS damage

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19
Q

Can motor programs be altered?

A

YES; only reflexivley, not consiously, in reposnse to a painful stimuli

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20
Q

T or F
Sensory info can contribute to movement even when we’re not using closed-loop control

A

T

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21
Q

Reflex-reversal phenomenon

A

CPG’s altered by sensory input

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22
Q

Can motor programs be modifiable?

A

YES

23
Q

(GMP) Generalized Motor Program

A

still the concept of a motor program, but one which is a skeletal framework which can be customized as needed

  • programs for a pattern of movement – not a
    specific movement itself
24
Q

What is the Novelty movement?

A

When an athelet is able to perform a skill they have never done before

They mix and mash diiferent skills from diffrenet motor programs to do somethnig they’ve never done before.

25
Q

What can you adjust in a GMP. What are the parameters/surface featsures that can be modified?

A

Movement time — Fundamental timing structure
Movement Apmpiltude — Make a movement smaller or bigger // force
Limbs and muscles use —

26
Q

Variations in Limb and Muscles

A

We can write the same things even though they are usings a diffrenet hand/ effector system

They have the same motor program

27
Q

…………………………………

A
28
Q

Fitt’s Law

A

if you have to make a fast and accurate movement, you must make a trade-off between the two
substitute accuracy for speed or substitute speed for accuracy

Open & Closed Loop–––rapid, continuous tasks

29
Q

movement time dependent on the — of twice the distance
between the two targets, divided by the target —

A

ratio; width
(ID)=log2(2A/W)

30
Q

discrete movements—Spatial Accuracy

A

hitting or aiming some sort of stationary target;
Hammering nail——Open loop control

31
Q

What 2 things cuases more errors in discrete movements—Spatial Accuracy?

A
  1. increase the distance of the movement. (Further away)
  2. increase the speed of movement (Faster)
32
Q

What is the relationship with velocity and accuracy?

A

Velocity= apmlitude/movemnet time
V=A/MT

Velocity increases errors

to decrease variability error, reduce the velocity
1. decrease the amplitude or
2. increase the movement time

if you want to hit a nail without bending it or missing it, start with small taps from a close distance

33
Q

Why is there error in fast movement?

A

Noise

34
Q

Inconsistancy—the more ____ the more noise

A

force;
(The more “electrical current” being passed through the system amplifies the noise)
––Less refined motor control––

35
Q

Increase in Velocity = ____ In variability error

A

Increase

36
Q

Schmidt & Sherwood, 1882

A
37
Q

torque greater than 70% max = less
Variability in — movements become –

A

variability in force; smoother and more accurate (“noise smooths out”)

Less time for M response to contribute

38
Q

being able to hit something in an aiming condition e.g., hitting a stationary target

A

spatial accuracy

39
Q

being able to complete something at the right
time

A

temporal (timing) accuracy

40
Q

increase the movement time—— in spactial accuracy

A

increases

41
Q

increase the movement time —- in temporal accuracy

A

decrease

42
Q

What involes spatial and temporal task?

A

coincidence anticipation
coincidence anticipation = (spatial + temporal) task

43
Q

………….

A
44
Q

What is an ability?

A

Abilities are stable characteristics derived through genetics and maturation and are not affected greatly by practice

45
Q

Does everyone have abilities? can abilities improve with practice?

A

yes, but they are different strengths;
no

46
Q

What is the diffrenet between abilities and skills?

A

Abilities:
- Genetically deteremined
- Stable
- Limit performnace capabilities

Skills:
- Success dictated by.a subset of abilities
- Developed by practice/experienec

47
Q

What is a skill?

A

Motor tasks developed/modified with practice;
Needs knowledge;
Improvment depends on abilities

48
Q

What is the theorey: A Single Global Ability? Why is it false?

A

It was a predicamnet of general motor ability: Movement IQ.

“the different motor abilities that exist are all strongly correlated and can be grouped as a singular, global motor ability (i.e., an overall amount of motor ability)”

  • High IQ=good at everything

FALSE: there is no “general” motor ability which covers all tasks
- Balance test= no corolation

49
Q

Franklin Henry’s Specificity Hypothesis.
Why is it false?

A

for each motor task, you have a different set of abilities
(inter-task correlations should be close to zero)

Flase:
would result in thousands of different abilities = too much to store
research does not support this notion, as many motor tasks are at least slightly correlated (i.e., r ≠ 0)

50
Q

General (Single) Motor Ability Hypothesis vs. Specificity of Motor Abilities Hypothesis

A

IQ of ability––overall amount of ability, highly related;
Abilities are independant, not related, too much storage

51
Q

Groupings of Abilities

A

Two similar tasks share certain abilities

52
Q

Are abilities nessesary? Are abilities all you need?

A

Abilities are nessesary, but they are not sufficent. You also need knowledge.

53
Q
A

Psycho Motor 320 (9 decks)

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