Chapter 4 and 5! Flashcards
In Motor programs, how are so many simultaneous movements produced so quickly and effectively?
Open Looped control
MOTOR PROGRAM THEORY
many actions are performed with no real error correction
–don’t have time for feedback–
If you cant make an adjustment during an action its a motor program
open-loop control system which triggers and sequences movements
Motor program
What are the two parts of the Open-Loop Control within the conceptual model?
What are the Characteristics?
Executive—Brains ; Effector—The Doer
Preprogamed instructions (with timing and sequencing info)
“Dumb” Execution of the program (with no error detection)
Within the consteptual model, teh motor program functions at the level of the ——
effector
What is the pathway of stimulus ID to conttraction?
stimulus identified response selected response programmed motor program initiated commands to spinal cord commands to muscles
Open loop: What lvl of conciousness is needed? which memory is it stored in? Does it need attention? See pic on slide 5
movement is carried out without explicit conscious control—Movement Chuncks
Stored in—Long Term memory
attention is not needed
The the conceptual model open or closed loop control?
Its a combination of both
Evidence of motor programs (3)
- RT and movement complexity
––How long did it take to hear the gong to start the movement
––Showed: Delayed RT happened in Response programming - Deafferentation experiments
––Cut sensory//affarent nerves yet they could still do learned tasks
––You don’t have to have sensory feedback to do movements = no closed loop - Limb blocking experiments + EMG
––Lever pull down, blocked
––Agonists and antagonists fire without movement
—Patteren of muscle electrical activity (MEA): Agonists—Antagoninsts—Agonists
––Pattern of fireing planed in advanced bc no movement was happening.
As movement complexity increases, “delay/hang up” must be occurring ———
What experiment proved this
In the response programing;
Henry & Rogers 1960—”gong”
deafferentation; Why is it important?
cut sensory nervous (afferent) pathways to spinal cord;
Signals can go to muscles but not back to the spinal cord
Can still do learned tasks—bc it doesn’t need feedback
T or F;
sensory control not completely necessary for
learned movements
T;
Motor program to produce movement
Once a motor program is initiated, we have difficultly– or altering the movement
stopping
What are edvidences of mototr programs?
Postural adjustments
Slater-Hammel’s Experiment:
clock
subjects were unable to inhibit the “finger lift” motor program
Once you start a ovement it is hard to stop it.
Postural adjustments happen when?
Before the movement
pre-packaged movement—becuase we aren’t htinking about it
Central Pattern Generator (CPG)
Instincts//Inherited system for patterned moevement
-slithering, chewing, swiming
- simple triggar stimuli to contract = no feedback or closed loop control
- only need inital input
What types of movemnets do CPG use? What happend when CNS or PNS is damaged?
typically used for basic alternating/repetitive movements
Can still do movement dispite CNS damage
Can motor programs be altered?
YES; only reflexivley, not consiously, in reposnse to a painful stimuli
T or F
Sensory info can contribute to movement even when we’re not using closed-loop control
T
Reflex-reversal phenomenon
CPG’s altered by sensory input
Can motor programs be modifiable?
YES
(GMP) Generalized Motor Program
still the concept of a motor program, but one which is a skeletal framework which can be customized as needed
- programs for a pattern of movement – not a
specific movement itself
What is the Novelty movement?
When an athelet is able to perform a skill they have never done before
They mix and mash diiferent skills from diffrenet motor programs to do somethnig they’ve never done before.
What can you adjust in a GMP. What are the parameters/surface featsures that can be modified?
Movement time — Fundamental timing structure
Movement Apmpiltude — Make a movement smaller or bigger // force
Limbs and muscles use —
Variations in Limb and Muscles
We can write the same things even though they are usings a diffrenet hand/ effector system
They have the same motor program
…………………………………
Fitt’s Law
if you have to make a fast and accurate movement, you must make a trade-off between the two
substitute accuracy for speed or substitute speed for accuracy
Open & Closed Loop–––rapid, continuous tasks
movement time dependent on the — of twice the distance
between the two targets, divided by the target —
ratio; width
(ID)=log2(2A/W)
discrete movements—Spatial Accuracy
hitting or aiming some sort of stationary target;
Hammering nail——Open loop control
What 2 things cuases more errors in discrete movements—Spatial Accuracy?
- increase the distance of the movement. (Further away)
- increase the speed of movement (Faster)
What is the relationship with velocity and accuracy?
Velocity= apmlitude/movemnet time
V=A/MT
Velocity increases errors
to decrease variability error, reduce the velocity
1. decrease the amplitude or
2. increase the movement time
if you want to hit a nail without bending it or missing it, start with small taps from a close distance
Why is there error in fast movement?
Noise
Inconsistancy—the more ____ the more noise
force;
(The more “electrical current” being passed through the system amplifies the noise)
––Less refined motor control––
Increase in Velocity = ____ In variability error
Increase
Schmidt & Sherwood, 1882
torque greater than 70% max = less
Variability in — movements become –
variability in force; smoother and more accurate (“noise smooths out”)
Less time for M response to contribute
being able to hit something in an aiming condition e.g., hitting a stationary target
spatial accuracy
being able to complete something at the right
time
temporal (timing) accuracy
increase the movement time—— in spactial accuracy
increases
increase the movement time —- in temporal accuracy
decrease
What involes spatial and temporal task?
coincidence anticipation
coincidence anticipation = (spatial + temporal) task
………….
What is an ability?
Abilities are stable characteristics derived through genetics and maturation and are not affected greatly by practice
Does everyone have abilities? can abilities improve with practice?
yes, but they are different strengths;
no
What is the diffrenet between abilities and skills?
Abilities:
- Genetically deteremined
- Stable
- Limit performnace capabilities
Skills:
- Success dictated by.a subset of abilities
- Developed by practice/experienec
What is a skill?
Motor tasks developed/modified with practice;
Needs knowledge;
Improvment depends on abilities
What is the theorey: A Single Global Ability? Why is it false?
It was a predicamnet of general motor ability: Movement IQ.
“the different motor abilities that exist are all strongly correlated and can be grouped as a singular, global motor ability (i.e., an overall amount of motor ability)”
- High IQ=good at everything
FALSE: there is no “general” motor ability which covers all tasks
- Balance test= no corolation
Franklin Henry’s Specificity Hypothesis.
Why is it false?
for each motor task, you have a different set of abilities
(inter-task correlations should be close to zero)
Flase:
would result in thousands of different abilities = too much to store
research does not support this notion, as many motor tasks are at least slightly correlated (i.e., r ≠ 0)
General (Single) Motor Ability Hypothesis vs. Specificity of Motor Abilities Hypothesis
IQ of ability––overall amount of ability, highly related;
Abilities are independant, not related, too much storage
Groupings of Abilities
Two similar tasks share certain abilities
Are abilities nessesary? Are abilities all you need?
Abilities are nessesary, but they are not sufficent. You also need knowledge.
