Chapter 2:

Question 1

Stimulus Input

Answer 1

Signal to which an individual responds

Question 2

What are the 3 stages of learning?

Answer 2

1. Stimulus identification–– Decide what to pay attention to
2. Response Selection–– Decide what to do
3. Response programming–– Gearing up for action or “selecting the correct motor program”

Question 3

Reaction Time

Answer 3

The amount of time from the presentation of a stimulus until the person begins to respond

encoupasses the 3 stages

Question 4

What are the Factors that Influence Reaction Time?

Answer 4

1. Number of possible stimuli
   —Simple reaction time:
   —One stimulus, one response
2. Number of possible choices
   —Choice reaction Time
   —Takes longer to react btw options
3. Practice
   — Reduces reaction Time even if Stimulus-response (SR) increases
   —Finding patterns based on stimuli
4. Response compatibility
   —”Naturalness” of response to stimuli decreases reaction time
   —If it natural = less time
   —Unatrua l= More time

Question 5

Hicks Law

Answer 5

A stable relationship between the number of stimulus-response (SR) options and choice reaction time

 —As Stimulus response increases, reaction time also Increases in a linear manner 

(More options and longer reaction time)

Question 6

“Naturalness” of response to a stimulus decreases reaction time.

Answer 6

Response compatibility

Question 7

Intetrval of time btw persentation of one of serveral stimuli and the beginng of one of several responses

Answer 7

Choice reaction time

Question 8

One stimuli and one possible response

Answer 8

Simple reaction Time

Question 9

The time it takes us through information processing

Answer 9

Processing delay

Question 10

Organizing a response before it happens

Answer 10

Anticipation

Question 11

Temporal Anticipation

Answer 11

the ability to predict the time course of an event

Question 12

Spatial Anticipation

Answer 12

the ability to anticipate performance movement (where)

Question 13

Arousal

Answer 13

General Nervous system activity
High—High alertness, agitation, etc.
Low —Sleep like

Question 14

Anxiety

Answer 14

Personal interpretation of a situation (may not be threatening)

Question 15

Inverted–U Principle

Answer 15

zone of optimal functioning

General levels of Arousal:
Low — Poor performance
Moderate level— Good performance
High—Poor performance

Upsidedown Graph inverted u (points down)

—General because people are different—

Question 16

Factors to consider with the Inverted-U Principle

Answer 16

1. Person——
   High Trait anxiety
2. Nature of Task—
   range of arousal levels associated with an individual’s maximum
   performance
3. The Situation —
   If we perceive that there is a problem … then there is a problem
   Fight or Flight triggered regardless

Question 17

Zone of Optimal Functioning

Answer 17

range of arousal levels associated with an individual’s maximum performance

Question 18

Perceptual Narrowing

Answer 18

Tunnel Vision

Advantages:
—Avoid irrelevant stimuli
— Heightened Focus

Disadvantages:
—Less attention to other stimuli
— Unexpected Stimuli is hard to handle

Question 19

Under Extreme Arousal

Answer 19

Attention shifts
–– Focus on internal process (heart beating)
—Paralysis by analysis (overthink everything)
—RT Slows

Question 20

Cue Utilization Hypothesis

Answer 20

Helps Explain:
Why a performance could be poor in situations of low or high arousal

Want a middle ground so you can focus on details but not miss your surroundings?

Low Arousal—Fous is too wide
High Arousal— attentional Focus narrow

Question 21

Production Unit / Motor Program

Answer 21

Serial steps are lumped into one step.

We can only effectively do one thing at a time, so our body “Chunks” it into one step.

Output chunking––Automaticity chunked together.

Question 22

Cocktail party effect

Answer 22

We can only pay attention to one thing, but we still hear everything.

Question 23

When do Information processing delays happen?

Answer 23

Between the response selection and response programming

Question 24

Parallel Processing

Answer 24

General Awareness at the same time

When two or more stimuli enter the system and are processes together without interference

Question 25

Controlled Processing
vs
Automatic Processing

Answer 25

Controlled
–Slow
–serial
–Attention demanding
–Early stages of learning
—All ridged individual movements

Automatic
—Quick
—Parallel (at the same time)
—Mindless/second nature
—PRACTICE

Question 26

How do we contend with an opponent’s automaticity?

Answer 26

Fake outs. Double–Stimulation Paradigm

causes a processing delay Use the automatic processing against them

Question 27

What’s the point of a fake?

Answer 27

RESPONSE SELECTION to trigger an automatic response and delay them

The regional action must be executed or aborted before the second action begins.

Question 28

What is the actual name for the fake out?

Answer 28

Double-stimulation paradigm

Question 29

Interstimulus interval (ISI):

Answer 29

the time between two stimuli
60–100ms

Question 30

Psychological refractory period (PRP)

Answer 30

Processing delay that occurs in response to a fake

        RESULT: takes 2x longer to respond

Question 31

What is the bottleneck?

Answer 31

This causes the opponent to react to the fake ad. They can’t take the time to restart and go through the bottleneck again.

Question 32

RECAP FAKE OUTS

Answer 32

Burts or Chuncks of activity
We need production units because we can only focus on one thing at a time.
With lots of practice, we can have fluidity of movement.

Question 33

Output Chunking——Timing Structure

Answer 33

different rhythms
Pairing two tasks if they’re at the same time.

Writing name with both hands