Chapter 2: Flashcards
Stimulus Input
Signal to which an individual responds
What are the 3 stages of learning?
- Stimulus identification–– Decide what to pay attention to
- Response Selection–– Decide what to do
- Response programming–– Gearing up for action or “selecting the correct motor program”
Reaction Time
The amount of time from the presentation of a stimulus until the person begins to respond
encoupasses the 3 stages
What are the Factors that Influence Reaction Time?
- Number of possible stimuli
—Simple reaction time:
—One stimulus, one response - Number of possible choices
—Choice reaction Time
—Takes longer to react btw options - Practice
— Reduces reaction Time even if Stimulus-response (SR) increases
—Finding patterns based on stimuli - Response compatibility
—”Naturalness” of response to stimuli decreases reaction time
—If it natural = less time
—Unatrua l= More time
Hicks Law
A stable relationship between the number of stimulus-response (SR) options and choice reaction time
—As Stimulus response increases, reaction time also Increases in a linear manner
(More options and longer reaction time)
“Naturalness” of response to a stimulus decreases reaction time.
Response compatibility
Intetrval of time btw persentation of one of serveral stimuli and the beginng of one of several responses
Choice reaction time
One stimuli and one possible response
Simple reaction Time
The time it takes us through information processing
Processing delay
Organizing a response before it happens
Anticipation
Temporal Anticipation
the ability to predict the time course of an event
Spatial Anticipation
the ability to anticipate performance movement (where)
Arousal
General Nervous system activity
High—High alertness, agitation, etc.
Low —Sleep like
Anxiety
Personal interpretation of a situation (may not be threatening)
Inverted–U Principle
zone of optimal functioning
General levels of Arousal:
Low — Poor performance
Moderate level— Good performance
High—Poor performance
Upsidedown Graph inverted u (points down)
—General because people are different—
Factors to consider with the Inverted-U Principle
- Person——
High Trait anxiety - Nature of Task—
range of arousal levels associated with an individual’s maximum
performance - The Situation —
If we perceive that there is a problem … then there is a problem
Fight or Flight triggered regardless
Zone of Optimal Functioning
range of arousal levels associated with an individual’s maximum performance
Perceptual Narrowing
Tunnel Vision
Advantages:
—Avoid irrelevant stimuli
— Heightened Focus
Disadvantages:
—Less attention to other stimuli
— Unexpected Stimuli is hard to handle
Under Extreme Arousal
Attention shifts
–– Focus on internal process (heart beating)
—Paralysis by analysis (overthink everything)
—RT Slows
Cue Utilization Hypothesis
Helps Explain:
Why a performance could be poor in situations of low or high arousal
Want a middle ground so you can focus on details but not miss your surroundings?
Low Arousal—Fous is too wide
High Arousal— attentional Focus narrow
Production Unit / Motor Program
Serial steps are lumped into one step.
We can only effectively do one thing at a time, so our body “Chunks” it into one step.
Output chunking––Automaticity chunked together.
Cocktail party effect
We can only pay attention to one thing, but we still hear everything.
When do Information processing delays happen?
Between the response selection and response programming
Parallel Processing
General Awareness at the same time
When two or more stimuli enter the system and are processes together without interference
Controlled Processing
vs
Automatic Processing
Controlled
–Slow
–serial
–Attention demanding
–Early stages of learning
—All ridged individual movements
Automatic
—Quick
—Parallel (at the same time)
—Mindless/second nature
—PRACTICE
How do we contend with an opponent’s automaticity?
Fake outs. Double–Stimulation Paradigm
causes a processing delay Use the automatic processing against them
What’s the point of a fake?
RESPONSE SELECTION to trigger an automatic response and delay them
The regional action must be executed or aborted before the second action begins.
What is the actual name for the fake out?
Double-stimulation paradigm
Interstimulus interval (ISI):
the time between two stimuli
60–100ms
Psychological refractory period (PRP)
Processing delay that occurs in response to a fake
RESULT: takes 2x longer to respond
What is the bottleneck?
This causes the opponent to react to the fake ad. They can’t take the time to restart and go through the bottleneck again.
RECAP FAKE OUTS
Burts or Chuncks of activity
We need production units because we can only focus on one thing at a time.
With lots of practice, we can have fluidity of movement.
Output Chunking——Timing Structure
different rhythms
Pairing two tasks if they’re at the same time.
Writing name with both hands
