Chapter 4 Flashcards
To learn about Chapter 4: Theories of Motivation.
What is Motivation?
Motivation is the intensity, direction and persistence of effort a person shows in reaching a goal.
What are Theories X and Y (about motivation)
Theory X suggests that people naturally dislike work and will attempt to avoid it. Employees must be coerced, controlled or threatened with punishment to achieve goals.
Theory Y suggests that people naturally like work, are creative, seek responsibility and exercise self-direction and self-control towards their objectives.
What is the difference from Intrinsic motivators and Extrinsic motivators?
Intrinsic motivators come from inside the person’s head (challenge, interest and personal satisfaction) Extrinsic are outside motivators (bonuses, tangible rewards).
What are the 5 steps in Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?
- Physiological - Basic needs
- Safety - Protection from harm/financial security.
- Social - affection, belonging, acceptance and friendship.
- Esteem - Self respect, achievement, status, recognition, respect.
- Self-actualization - Achieving one’s potential and self fulfillment. The drive to become what you are capable of becoming.
What’s the ERG theory?
A rework of Maslow’s needs by Clayton Alderfer - Argued that there are 3 groups of core needs:
- Existence (Physiological and safety)
- Relatedness (Social and status)
- Growth (esteem, self actualization)
What is the Motivation-Hygiene theory?
A theory that relates Intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction.
What are McClelland’s 3 needs?
- Achievement (drive to excel)
- Power (to affect other’s people’s decisions)
- Affiliation (friendly and close relationships)
What is the expectancy theory?
The theory that says individuals act depending upon their evaluation of whether their effort will lead to good performance and if that performance will be followed by a given outcome and whether that outcome is attractive to them.
What is expectancy, Instrumentality and Valence?
Expectancy is the belief that effort is related to performance.
Instrumentality is the belief that performance is related to rewards and Valence is the importance one puts on a reward.
What’s a goal?
something that someone is trying to accomplish.
What is management by objectives (MBO)?
MBO is an approach to goal setting where specific, measurable goals are set by managers and employees together. Progress of these goals is reviewed and awards are awarded based on progress.
What are 4 ways that goal setting motivates?
- Goals direct attention
- Goals regulate effort
- Goals increase persistence
- Goals encourage creating a strategy plan
More info on goals - goals also increase performance, especially when difficult goals are accomplished and feedback leads to higher performance. Goals are effective whether they are participatively set, assigned or self set.
What is the Self-Efficacy theory?
Self-efficacy theory refers to an individual’s belief that they are capable of performing a task. Higher self E - More confidence to do it.
what are 4 ways self efficacy (confidence) can be increased?
- Enactive mastery- gaining relevant experience
- Vicarious modelling - becoming more confident seeing someone else doing the task
- Verbal persuasion - someone tells you you can do it - more confidence.
- Arousal - energized state that drives you to complete the task.
What is the Equity theory?
The equity theory is the theory that states that individuals compare their job outcomes with others and then respond to eliminate any inequities.
