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PSY 341 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of clinical interviews

A

unstructured

structured

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2
Q

unstructured clinical interview

A

open ended questions

tailored to the client

might have inconsistencies between two clients which can make assessments difficult

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3
Q

structured clinical interview

A

protocol instructions in “If…, then…” format

same for all clients; enhanced reliability

Ex. Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM (1-2 hours)

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4
Q

3 types of clinical observations

A

projective

personality

intelligence

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5
Q

projective clinical observations

A

ambiguous stimuli evokes unconscious

developed from psychodynamic approach (Freudian)

overall poor reliability and validity for clinical use (good for icebreakers to generate conversation)

Ex. Rorschach Inkblot, TAT, sentence completion, DAP

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6
Q

Rorschach Inkblot (factors)

A

[projective clinical observation]

location: what part of image that the interpretation comes from (blank space, whole image, etc.)

determinants: what aspect of image interpretation focuses on (texture, color, etc.)

content: the interpretation itself

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7
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

[projective clinical observation]

Chistiano Morgan

ambiguous images but more intention than inkblots

looks at what motivation a person is describing

reliability and validity not good for clinical assessments (could be used for personality tests)

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8
Q

sentence completion

A

[projective clinical observation]

say whatever comes to mind first

“I wish…”

“My father…”

“What worries me is…”

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9
Q

Draw a Person (DAP)

A

[projective clinical observation]

first character is representation of self then paper is flipped and client is asked to draw the opposite gender

placement of figure: right = future ; left = past ; lower left = depression ; upper right = suppress past

face: big head = desire to be smart ; large eyes or ears = paranoid ; missing parts = identity confusion

legs and feet: confidence vs. insecurity

age: younger = infantilism

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10
Q

personality clinical observations

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Myers-Briggs Types

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11
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

[personality clinical observation]

550 self-statements in true, false, or cannot say format

two types of scales: self report and behavior

very good reliability and validity

scores range from 0-120 for 10 scales (over 70 = of concern); graphed to create a “profile”

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12
Q

self report scale

A

from MMPI (personality clinical observation)

physical concerns and mood

attitudes towards religion, sex, and social activity

psychological symptoms

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13
Q

behavior scale

A

from MMPI (personality clinical observation)

careless responding

lying and manipulation

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14
Q

Myers-Briggs Types

A

based on Carl Jung’s theory of personality

energy (extroversion/introversion)

evidence (sensory/intuitive)

decision-making (thinking/feeling)

evaluation (judger/perceiver)

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15
Q

psychophysiological tests

A

physiological response as a sign of stress/anxiety

electrocardiogram (heart rate)

galvanic skin conductance (sweat gland activity)

EEG (brain electrical activity)

polygraph (lie detector)

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16
Q

4 common neuroimaging tests

A

computerized axial tomography (CT scan)

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

functional MRI (fMRI)

positron emission tomography (PET scan)

17
Q

neuropsychological tests

A

indirectly assess brain function

reasoning, memory, visual-spatial skills

Ex. Halstead-Reitan Battery, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test

18
Q

Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test

A

neuropsychological test using geometric shapes and orientations

to assess visual-motor functioning, developmental disorders, and neuropsychological impairments

19
Q

WHO-DAS 2.0

A

World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule

most common way to assess overall functioning with the DSM-5

20
Q

areas of functioning assessed by WHO-DAS 2.0

A

cognition (understanding and communicating)

mobility (moving and getting around)

self-care (hygiene, dressing, etc.)

getting along (interacting with others)

life activities (domestic responsibilities, school, etc.)

participation (joining in on community activities)

21
Q

core ways diagnosing can cause harm

A

misdiagnosis (reliance on clinical judgment)

labeling and stigma (diagnosis as a self-fulfilling prophecy; “I’m not that kind of person, so I don’t need that kind of treatment”)

22
Q

difficulties in comparing effectiveness of treatments

A
  1. defining success and measuring improvements are difficult. could be change in mood, behavior, attitude, etc.
  2. treatments differ in range and complexity (i.e., Freudian methods could take 3-5 years, but medication can be effective in one)
  3. therapists differ in skill and knowledge (i.e., some therapists are better with other techniques; sometimes clients get better on client/therapist relationships and not on technique)
  4. clients differ in severity and motivation (i.e., most clients want to get better but clients with SUDs probably do not)
23
Q

quasi-experiment

A

experiment that involves predetermined groups, such as gender or those with vs. without a DO

randomly assign participants who struggle similarly to different treatment groups

24
Q

internal validity

A

does the independent variable group membership cause dependent variable change?

25
Q

external validity

A

do results apply to everyone else?

the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to people who were not in the study

26
Q

reliability

A

the ability of a diagnostic instrument to get the same result with repeated use

27
Q

systematic desensitization

A

type of effective therapy for stress and phobia

traditional ERPT or rapid ERPT

3 steps (learn relaxation skills, construct fear hierarchy, confront the feared situation)

28
Q

Ellis’ Rational Emotive Restructuring Therapy

A

type of effective therapy for mood and anxiety

can’t change past but can change perception about it

A - activating event
B - distorted belief
C - emotional consequence
D - dispute belief
E - evaluate emotional consequence

29
Q

Dodo Bird Effect

A

a common finding that all therapy techniques are equally effective

30
Q

Goldilocks Effect

A

perspective that therapies are equally effective because therapists and clients try things until they work

31
Q

4 common factors of treatment effectiveness

A

extratherapeutic factors (40%) - client factors (support, motivation, etc.), illness course factors, social/cultural factors

therapeutic relationship (30%) - client alliance, empathy, positive regard

expectancy (15%) - client believes in therapy/therapist

technique (15%) - factors unique to approach

32
Q

3 things therapists can do to enhance effectiveness of treatment

A

choose therapy that matches client’s theory of change (activates expectancy/placebo effects)

invite and use extra-therapeutic factors (social support, etc.)

use active listening to build rapport and supportive relationship (paraphrase, don’t problem solve immediately, etc.)

PSY 341 (12 decks)

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